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Disturbance effects of PM10 on iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression levels and antioxidant activity induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart: protective role of vanillic acid

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Abstract

Myocardial infarction is the acute condition of myocardial necrosis that occurs as a result of imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand. Air pollution increases the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of particulate matter (PM) on oxidative stress, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) messenger RNA (mRNA) level induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury, and the protective effects of vanillic acid (VA) in the isolated rat heart. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 10), namely control, VAc, sham, VA, PMa (0.5 mg/kg), PMb (2.5 mg/kg), PMc (5 mg/kg), and PMc + VA groups. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) was instilled into the trachea through a fine intubation tube. Two days following the PM10 instillation, the animal’s hearts were isolated and transferred to a Langendorff apparatus. The hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOX), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured using special kits. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine levels of iNOS and eNOS mRNA. An increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), S–T elevation, and oxidative stress in PM10 groups was observed. Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) induction showed a significant augment in the expression of iNOS mRNA level and a significant decrease in the expression eNOS mRNA level. This effect was more pronounced in the PM groups than in the control and sham groups. Vanillic acid caused a significant decrease in LVEDP, S–T elevation, and also a significant difference in eNOS mRNA expression level, antioxidant enzymes, iNOS mRNA expression level, and oxidative stress occurred on myocardial dysfunction after I/R in isolated rat hearts. This study showed that PM10 exposure had devastating effects on the myocardial heart, oxidative stress, and eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression levels. Vanillic acid was able to improve these parameters. Vanillic acid as a potent antioxidant could also provide protection against particulate matter-induced toxicity.

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Abbreviations

MI:

Myocardial infarction

I/R:

Ischemia–reperfusion

PM:

Particulate matter

PM10 :

Particles with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm

VA:

Vanillic acid

LVDEP:

Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

CAT:

Catalase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

XOX:

Xanthine oxidase

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

IHD:

Ischemic heart diseases

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Acknowledgments

The source of data used in this paper was the Ph.D. thesis of Mrs. Esmat Radmanesh, a Ph.D. student of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and financial support (grant no. ajums APRC-9316) of the Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Mahin Dianat, Esmat Radmanesh, Mohammad Badavi & Seyed Ali Mard

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Gholamraza Goudarzi

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  1. Mahin Dianat
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  2. Esmat Radmanesh
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  3. Mohammad Badavi
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  4. Seyed Ali Mard
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  5. Gholamraza Goudarzi
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Correspondence to Esmat Radmanesh.

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Dianat, M., Radmanesh, E., Badavi, M. et al. Disturbance effects of PM10 on iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression levels and antioxidant activity induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart: protective role of vanillic acid. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 5154–5165 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5759-x

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