Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of NeuroAIDS in the International Setting

  • Invited Review
  • Published:
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The global burden of the HIV epidemic is staggering, but in the short term, it is largely unfelt in the developed world. Almost one million people have been infected with HIV in North America, and the results of effective antiretroviral therapy have dramatically improved survival and quality of life. However, there are 25 million infected in sub-Saharan Africa alone, and antiretroviral treatment is scarce. Ninety-five percent of new infections occur in the developing world where resources are limited. Very little is known about NeuroAIDS in the developing world where few studies have been conducted on the neurologic and neurocognitive effects of antiretroviral treatment. HIV Clade differences and other factors could have dramatic effects on treatment effectiveness. There are a number of barriers in the assessment of neurological and neurocognitive effects in resource limited settings and some of these will be addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AAN (1991) Nomenclature and research case definitions for neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Report of a Working Group of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force. In: Neurology, pp 778–785

  • Belec L, Martin PM, Vohito MD, Gresenguet G, Tabo A, Georges AJ (1989) Low prevalence of neuro-psychiatric clinical manifestations in central African patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83:844–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brew BJ (2003) The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Muscle Nerve 28:542–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford D, Evans S (2006) Ethiopian NeuroAIDS Assessment. In: Assessment of NeuroAIDS in Africa. Arusha, Tanzania

  • Deutsch R, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Marcotte TD, Letendre S, Grant I (2001) AIDS-associated mild neurocognitive impairment is delayed in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15:1898–1899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elder GA, Sever JL (1988) AIDS and neurological disorders: an overview. Ann Neurol 23(Suppl):S4–S6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH (1999) Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397:436–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gendelman HE, Zheng J, Coulter CL, Ghorpade A, Che M, Thylin M, Rubocki R, Persidsky Y, Hahn F, Reinhard J Jr, Swindells S (1998) Suppression of inflammatory neurotoxins by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Infect Dis 178:1000–1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant I (2006) Studies of Neurologic Complications of HIV in China, India and Brazil. In: Assessment of Resources and Opportunities for NeuroAIDS research in Nigeria/West Africa and Central Africa. Abuja, Nigeria

  • Heaton RK, Marcotte TD, Mindt MR, Sadek J, Moore DJ, Bentley H, McCutchan JA, Reicks C, Grant I (2004) The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:317–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlett WP, Nkya WM, Mmuni KA, Missalek WR (1989) Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania. AIDS 3:289–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, Nakiyingi J, Rutebemberwa A, Morgan D, Weber J, Gilks C, Whitworth J (2002) Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda. J Infect Dis 185:1244–1250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanki PJ, Hamel DJ, Sankale JL, Hsieh C, Thior I, Barin F, Woodcock SA, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Zhang E, Montano M, Siby T, Marlink R, Ndoye I, Essex ME, Mboup S (1999) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes differ in disease progression. J Infect Dis 179:68–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laeyendecker O, Li X, Arroyo R, McCutchan F, Gray R, Wawer M et al. (2006) The effect of HIV subtype on rapid disease progression in Rakai, Uganda. In: CROI. Denver

  • Langford D, Marquie-Beck J, de Almeida S, Lazzaretto D, Letendre S, Grant I, McCutchan JA, Masliah E, Ellis RJ (2006) Relationship of antiretroviral treatment to postmortem brain tissue viral load in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Neurovirol 12:100–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letendre SL, McCutchan JA, Childers ME, Woods SP, Lazzaretto D, Heaton RK, Grant I, Ellis RJ (2004) Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus cognitive disorders. Ann Neurol 56:416–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maj M, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Starace F, D’Elia L, Sughondhabirom B, Mussa M, Naber D, Ndetei D, et al. (1994) WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase II. Neuropsychological and neurological findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:51–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcotte TD, Wolfson T, Rosenthal TJ, Heaton RK, Gonzalez R, Ellis RJ, Grant I (2004) A multimodal assessment of driving performance in HIV infection. Neurology 63:1417–1422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur JC, Haughey N, Gartner S, Conant K, Pardo C, Nath A, Sacktor N (2003) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: an evolving disease. J Neurovirology 9:205–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, Miller EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Selnes OA, Jacobson LP, et al. (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43:2245–2252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakasujja N, Wong M, Robertson K, McArthur J, Sacktor N (2004) HIV-associated neurological complications among HIV-seropositive individuals in Uganda. Neurology 62:A444

    Google Scholar 

  • Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986a) The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 19:517–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navia BA, Cho ES, Petito CK, Price RW (1986b) The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 19:525–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson KR, Hall CD (1992) Human immunodeficiency virus-related cognitive impairment and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex. Semin Neurol 12:18–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson KR, Robertson WT, Ford S, Watson D, Fiscus S, Harp AG, Hall CD (2004) Highly active antiretroviral therapy improves neurocognitive functioning. AIDS 36:562–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacktor N (2006) Assessment of HIV dementia in Uganda: results from the academic alliance cohort. In: Assessment of NeuroAIDS in Africa. Arusha, Tanzania

  • Sacktor N, McDermott MP, Marder K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Stern Y, Albert S, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, De Marcaida JA, Cohen B, Epstein L (2002) HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy. J Neurovirology 8:136–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Schifitto G, Kieburtz K, McDermott MP, McArthur J, Marder K, Sacktor N, Palumbo D, Selnes O, Stern Y, Epstein L, Albert S (2001) Clinical trials in HIV-associated cognitive impairment: cognitive and functional outcomes. Neurology 56:415–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweinsburg BC, Taylor MJ, Alhassoon OM, Gonzalez R, Brown GG, Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Videen JS, McCutchan JA, Patterson TL, Grant I (2005) Brain mitochondrial injury in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive (HIV+) individuals taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Neurovirology 11:356–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiramizu B, Nidhinandana S, Sithinamsuwan P, Sataporn T, Apateerapong W, Ratto-Kim S, Chitpatima S, Robertson K, Troelstrup D, Anderson E, Shikuma C, Valcour V (2006 (February)) HIV DNA Correlates with HIV-1-Associated Dementia in Patients in Bangkok, Thailand. In: 13th Conference of Retrovirology and Opportunistic Infections. Denver, CO, USA

  • Simpson DM, Haidich AB, Schifitto G, Yiannoutsos CT, Geraci AP, McArthur JC, Katzenstein DA (2002) Severity of HIV-associated neuropathy is associated with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. AIDS 16:407–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tozzi V, Balestra P, Galgani S, Murri R, Bellagamba R, Narciso P, Antinori A, Giulianelli M, Tosi G, Costa M, Sampaolesi A, Fantoni M, Noto P, Ippolito G, Wu AW (2003) Neurocognitive performance and quality of life in patients with HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19:643–652

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2003) Global summary of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In: UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland

  • Valcour V, Nidhinandana S, Sithinamsuwan P, Thitivichianlert S, Apateerapong W, Ratto-Kim S, Kim J, Shiramizu B, Chitpatima S, Sukwit S, Chuenchitra T, Watt G, Robertson K, Paul R, Shikuma C (2005) Neuropsychological testing abnormalities among HIV patients in Bangkok, Thailand. In: Conference on HIV infection and the central nervous system: developed and resource-limited settings. Frascati, Italy

  • Van Rie A, Mupuala A, Dow Nosse N, Zephyrin I, Kilese N (2006) HIV/AIDS and neurodevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Assessment of NeuroAIDS in Africa. Arusha, Tanzania

  • Vasan A, Renjifo B, Hertzmark E, Chaplin B, Msamanga G, Essex M, Fawzi W, Hunter D (2006) Different rates of disease progression of HIV type 1 infection in Tanzania based on infecting subtype. Clin Infect Dis 42:843–852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wainberg MA (2004) HIV-1 subtype distribution and the problem of drug resistance. AIDS 18(Suppl 3):S63–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright E, Brew B, Lal L, Imran D, Lun W, Kamarulzaman A, Lim M, Robertson K, McArthur J, Wesselingh S, the APNAC Study Protocol Team (2006) Neurocognitive impairment, symptomatic peripheral neuropathy, and depression in HIV-infected outpatients within the Asia Pacific Region: Findings of the APNAC Study. In: 13th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections. Denver, CO, USA

  • Yepthomi T, Paul R, Vallabhaneni S, Kumarasamy N, Tate DF, Solomon S, Flanigan T (2006) Neurocognitive consequences of HIV in southern India: a preliminary study of clade C virus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 12:424–430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Kevin R. Robertson & Colin D. Hall

  2. 3114 Bioinformatics, Neurology CB7025, School of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7025, USA

    Kevin R. Robertson

Authors
  1. Kevin R. Robertson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Colin D. Hall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kevin R. Robertson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Robertson, K.R., Hall, C.D. Assessment of NeuroAIDS in the International Setting. Jrnl Neuroimmune Pharm 2, 105–111 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-006-9052-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-006-9052-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation