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T Cells—Protective or Pathogenic in Alzheimer’s Disease?

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and is characterised by deposits of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Neuroinflammatory changes have been identified as a feature of the disease, and recent studies have suggested a potential role for the peripheral immune system in driving these changes and, ultimately, the associated neuronal degeneration. A number of reports have detailed changes in the activation state and subtype of T cells in the circulation and CSF of AD patients and there is evidence of T cell infiltration into the brain. In this review, we examine the possible impact of T cell infiltration in the progression of pathology in AD and consider the data obtained from animal models of the disease. We consider how these cells infiltrate the brain, particularly in AD, and discuss whether the presence of T cells in the AD brain is protective or pathogenic. Finally we evaluate the current therapies, particularly those that involve immunization.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from Science Foundation Ireland to KHGM (11/PI/1036) and MAL (11/PI/10154) and an Innovation Bursary (to KHGM and MAL from Trinity College Dublin).

Conflict of Interest

Kingston Mills is a co-founder and shareholder in Opsona Therapeutics Ltd and TriMod Therapeutics Ltd, university spin-out companies involved in the development of immunotherapeutics.

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  1. Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Róisín M. McManus & Marina A. Lynch

  2. School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Róisín M. McManus & Kingston H. G. Mills

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  1. Róisín M. McManus
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  2. Kingston H. G. Mills
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Correspondence to Marina A. Lynch.

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McManus, R.M., Mills, K.H.G. & Lynch, M.A. T Cells—Protective or Pathogenic in Alzheimer’s Disease?. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 10, 547–560 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-015-9612-2

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