Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Implications of silent strokes

  • Published:
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

“Silent strokes” or “subclinical strokes” refer to incidental findings of strokes on neuroimaging studies, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging/diffusion-weighted imaging, that are asymptomatic. These include lacunar and other ischemic strokes and minor hemorrhages, particularly in “silent areas” of the brain, but also include leukoaraiosis due to small vessel pathology of a variety of origins. Clinicians need to appreciate their significance because with certain conditions, such as atrial fibrillation and significant carotid stenosis, follow-up of these patients shows an increased incidence of strokes, impaired cognitive function, and dementia. These serious consequences of subclinical strokes require the clinician to be vigilant and institute preventive strategies to avert these untoward outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Baird AE, Warach S: Recurrent silent brain cerebral embolism. Neurology 2000, 55:111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Masuda M, Nabika T, Notsu Y: Silent stroke: pathogenesis, genetic factors and clinical implications as a risk factor. Curr Opin Neurol 2001, 14:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Babikian VL, Caplan LR: Brain embolism is a dynamic process with variable characteristics. Neurology 2000, 54:797–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Leary MC, Saver JL: Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003, 16:2800–2805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bernick C, Kuller L, Dulberg C, et al.: Silent MRI infarcts and the risk of future stroke. Neurology 2001, 37:1222–1229.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Price TR, Manolio TA, Kronmal RA, et al.: Silent brain infarction on MRI and neurological abnormalities in community-dwelling older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1997, 28:1158–1164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Longstreth WT Jr, Bernick C, Manolio TA, et al.: Lacunar infarcts defined by MRI of 3660 elderly people: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:1217–1225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bhadelia RA, Anderson M, Polak JF, et al.: Prevalance and association of MRI-demonstrated brain infarcts in elderly subjects with a history of transient ischemic attack. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1999, 30:393–388.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Longstreth WT Jr, Dulberg C, Manolio TA, et al.: Incidence, manifestations, and predictors of brain infarcts definited by serial cranial MRI in the elderly. Stroke 2002, 33:2376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brott T, Tomsick T, Feinberg W, et al.: Baseline silent cerebral infarction in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke 1994, 25:1122–1129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chodosh EH, Foulkes MA, Kase CS, et al.: Silent stroke in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Neurology 1988, 38:1674–1679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Vermeer SE, den Heijer T, Koudstaal J, et al.: Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 2003, 34:392–396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shinkawa A, Ueda K, Kiyohara Y, et al.: Silent cerebral infarction in a community-based autopsy series in Japan: the Hisayama Study. Stroke 1995, 26:380–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Boon A, Lodder J, Heuts-van Raak L, Kessels F: Silent brain infarcts in 755 consecutive patients with first-ever supratentorial ischemic stroke. Relationship with index-stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and mortality. Stroke 1994, 25:2384–2390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Elbaz A, Amarenco P: Genetic susceptibility and ischaemic stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 1999, 12:47–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakane H, Ibayashi S, Fujii K, et al.: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction: occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 65:317–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PA, Dennis MS, Starr J: Is breakdown of the blood-brain barrier responsible for lacunar stroke, leukoaraiosis, and dementia? Stroke 2003, 34:806–812.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kalimo H: Does chronic brain edema explain the consequences of cerebral small-vessel disease? Stroke 2003, 34:811–812.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fisher CM: Lacunes, small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1965, 15:774–784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bokura H, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S: Distinguishing silent lacunar infarction from enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces: a magnetic resonance imaging and pathological study. J Neurol 1998, 245:116–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Streifler JY, Eliaziw M, Benavente OR, et al.: Development and progression of leukoaraiosis in patients with brain ischemic and carotid artery disease. Stroke 2003, 34:1913–1917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Peterson P, Madsen EB, Brun B, et al.: Silent cerebral infarction in chronic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1987, 18:1098–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Guidotti M, Tadeo G, Zanasi S, Pellegrini G: Silent cerebral ischemia in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Irish J Med Sci 1990, 159:96–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Feinberg WM, Seeger JF, Carmody RF, et al.: Epidemiologic features of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1990, 150:2340–2344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Brainin M, Seier A, Steiner M, Dastmaltschi Y: Silent cerebral infarction in stroke patients: results from the Klosterneuburg stroke databank. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1994, 4:13–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, et al.: Silent infarction in acute stroke patients: prevalence, location, rik factors and clinical significance: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1994, 25:97–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kase CS, Wolf PA, Chodosh EH, et al.: Prevalence of silent stroke in patients presenting with initial stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke 1989, 20:850–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kempster PA, Gerraty RP, Gates PC: Asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1988, 19:955–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feinberg WM, Seeger JF, Carmody RF, et al.: Epidemiologic features of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1990, 150:2340–2344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ezekowitz MD, James KE, Nazarian SM, et al.: Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1995, 92:2178–2182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Harrison MJ: Silent infarcts on CT cans are more common in cardiogenic stroke. Stroke 1991, 22:693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mounier-Vehier F, Leys D, Rondepierre P, et al.: Silent infarcts in patients with ischemic stroke are related to age and size of the left atrium. Stroke 1993, 24:1347–1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ricotta JJ, Ouriel K, Green RM, DeWeese JA: Use of computerized cerebral tomography in selection patients for elective and urgent carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 1985, 202:783–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Berguer R, Siegreen MY, Lazo A, Hodakowski GT: The silent brain infarct in carotid surgery. J Vasc Surg 1986, 3:442–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Norris JW, Zhu CZ: Silent stroke and carotid stenosis. Stroke 1992, 23:483–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kobayashi S, Okada K, Koide K, et al.: Subcortical silent brain infarction as a risk factor for clinical stroke. Stroke 1997, 28:1932–1939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Uehara T, Tabuchi M, Mori E: Risk factors for silent cerebral infarcts in subcortical white matter and basal ganglia. Stroke 1999, 30:378–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kario K, Mastu T, Kobayashi H, et al.: Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensives: advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme-dippers. Hypertension 1996, 27:130–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kohara K, Jiang Y, Igase M, et al.: Postprandial hypotension is associated with asymptomatic cerebrovascular damage in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999, 33:565–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kario K, Pickering TG: Blood pressure variability in elderly patients [letter]. Lancet 2000, 355:1645–1646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K: Greater impact of coexistence of hypertension and diabetes on silent cerebral infarcts. Stroke 2003, 34:2471–2474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Cai J, et al.: Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for silent cerebral infarction in the general population. Stroke 1998, 29:913–917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nakatani T, Naganuma T, Uchida J, et al.: Silent cerebral infarction in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2003, 23:86–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fukunishi I, Koyama K, Iyoda S, et al.: Depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients with silent cerebral infarction. Psychosomatics 2003, 44:352–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fujikawa T, Yamawaki S, Touhouda Y: Incidence of silent cerebral infarction in patients with major depression. Stroke 1993, 24:1631–1634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bornstein NM, Gur AY, Treves TA, et al.: Do silent brain infarctions predict the development of dementia after first ischemic stroke? Stroke 1996, 27:904–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, et al.: Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1215–1222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al.: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560–2572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yatsu, F.M., Shaltoni, H.M. Implications of silent strokes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 6, 307–313 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-004-0063-0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-004-0063-0

Keywords

Navigation