Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and Mobile Phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-Induced Risks on Oxidative Stress and Elements in Kidney and Testis of Rats During Pregnancy and the Development of Offspring

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was designed to determine the effects of both Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on oxidative stress and trace element levels in the kidney and testis of growing rats from pregnancy to 6 weeks of age. Thirty-two rats and their 96 newborn offspring were equally divided into four different groups, namely, control, 2.45 GHz, 900 MHz, and 1800 MHz groups. The 2.45 GHz, 900 MHz, and 1,800 MHz groups were exposed to EMR for 60 min/day during pregnancy and growth. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks of the experiment, kidney and testis samples were taken from decapitated rats. Results from the fourth week showed that the level of lipid peroxidation in the kidney and testis and the copper, zinc, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant status (TAS) values in the kidney decreased in the EMR groups, while iron concentrations in the kidney as well as vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in the testis increased in the EMR groups. Results for fifth-week samples showed that iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene concentrations in the kidney increased in the EMR groups, while the GSH and TAS levels decreased. The sixth week results showed that iron concentrations in the kidney and the extent of lipid peroxidation in the kidney and testis increased in the EMR groups, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased. There were no statistically significant differences in kidney chromium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations among the four groups. In conclusion, Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR caused oxidative damage by increasing the extent of lipid peroxidation and the iron level, while decreasing total antioxidant status, copper, and GSH values. Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR may cause precocious puberty and oxidative kidney and testis injury in growing rats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Behari J, Kesari KK (2006) Effects of microwave radiations on reproductive system of male rats. Embryo Talk 1:81–85

    Google Scholar 

  2. Nazıroğlu M, Yuksel M, Özkaya MO, Köse SA (2013) Effects of Wi-Fi and mobile phone on reproductive systems in female and male. J Membr Biol. doi:10.1007/s00232-013-9597-9

  3. Murphy JC, Kaden DA, Warren J, Sivak A (1993) International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Power frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review of genetic toxicology. Mutat Res 296:221–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nazıroğlu M, Tokat S, Demirci S (2012) Role of melatonin on electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress and Ca2+ signaling molecular pathways in breast cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 32:290–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Türker Y, Nazıroğlu M, Gümral N et al (2011) Selenium and L-Carnitine reduce oxidative stress in the heart of rat induced by 2.45-GHz radiation from wireless devices. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:1640–1650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nazıroğlu M, Çelik Ö, Özgül C et al (2012) Melatonin modulates wireless devices (2.45 GHz)-induced brain and dorsal root ganglion injury through TRPM2 and voltage gated calcium channels in rat. Physiol Behav 105:683–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kim JY, Kim HT, Moon KH, Shin HJ (2007) Longterm exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field: effects on reproductive function. Korean J Urol 48:1308–1314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Nazıroğlu M (2007) New molecular mechanisms on the activation of TRPM2 channels by oxidative stress and ADP-ribose. Neurochem Res 32:1990–2001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nazıroğlu M, Karaoğlu A, Orhan Aksoy A (2004) Selenium and high dose vitamin E administration protects cisplatin- induced oxidative damage to renal, liver and lens tissues in rats. Toxicology 195:221–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Oksay T, Nazıroğlu M, Doğan S, Güzel A, Gümral N, Koşar PA (2013) Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia. doi:10.1111/and.12044

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hogarth C, Griswold MD (2010) The key role of vitamin A in spermatogenesis. J Clin Invest 120:956–962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nazıroğlu M, Gumral N (2009) Modulator effects of selenium and L- carnitine on wireless devices (2.45 GHz) induced oxidative stress and electroencephalography records in brain of rat. Int J Radiat Biol 85:680–689

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ebisch IM, Thomas CM, Peters WH, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2007) The importance of folate, zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of subfertility. Hum Reprod 13:163–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Favier AE (1992) The role of zinc in reproduction. Hormonal mechanism. Biol Trace Elem Res 32:363–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fatmi W, Kechrid Z, Nazıroğlu M, Flores-Arce M (2013) Selenium supplementation modulates zinc levels and antioxidant values in blood and tissues of diabetic rats fed zinc-deficient diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 152:243–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nazıroğlu M, Özgül C, Küçükayaz M, Çiğ B, Hebeisen S, Bal R (2013) Selenium attenuates calcium ion influx and oxidative stress through voltage gated and TRPM2 cation channels in transfected cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 112(2):96–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nazıroğlu M (2009) Role of selenium on calcium signaling and oxidative stress-induced molecular pathways in epilepsy. Neurochem Res 34:2181–2191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Uğuz AC, Nazıroğlu M, Espino J et al (2009) Selenium modulates oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis in human myeloid HL-60 cells via regulation of caspase-3, -9 and calcium influx. J Membr Biol 232:15–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gulczynska E, Gadzinowski J, Wilczynski J, Zylinska L (2006) Prenatal MgSO4 treatment modifies the erythrocyte band 3 in preterm neonates. Pharmacol Res 53:347–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Nazıroğlu M (2011) TRPM2 cation channels, oxidative stress and neurological diseases: where are we now? Neurochem Res 36:355–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nazıroğlu M (2012) Molecular role of catalase on oxidative stress-induced Ca(2+) signaling and TRP cation channel activation in nervous system. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 32:134–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Çelik MS, Güven K, Akpolat V, et al (2013) Extremely low frequency magnetic field induces manganese accumulation in brain, kidney and liver of rats. Tox Ind Health (in press)

  23. Wathes DC, Abayasekara DR, Aitken RJ (2007) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 77:190–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nazıroğlu M (2003) Enhanced testicular antioxidant capacity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: protective role of vitamins C, E and Selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res 94:61–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H et al (2005) Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res 36:350–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G (2013) Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. J Pediatr Urol 9:223–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK (2013) Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med (in press)

  28. Jelodar G, Nazifi S, Akbari A (2013) The prophylactic effect of vitamin C on induced oxidative stress in rat testis following exposure to 900 MHz radio frequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model. Electromagn Biol Med 32:409–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ozlem Nisbet H, Nisbet C, Akar A, Cevik M, Karayigit MO (2012) Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats. Res Vet Sci 93(2):1001–1005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Nazıroğlu M, Ciğ B, Doğan S, Uğuz AC, Dilek S, Faouzi D (2012) 2.45-Gz wireless devices induce oxidative stress and proliferation through cytosolic Ca(2+) influx in human leukemia cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 88(6):449–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jin Z, Zong C, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Tong J, Cao Y (2012) The effect of combined exposure of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields and doxorubicin in HL-60 cells. PLoS One 7(9):e46102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Peyman A, Rezazadeh A, Gabriel C (2001) Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as a function of age at microwave frequencies. Phys Med Biol 46:1617–1629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Placer ZA, Cushman L, Johnson BC (1966) Estimation of products of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 16:359–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sedlak J, Lindsay RHC (1968) Estimation of total, protein bound and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellmann's reagent. Anal Biochem 25:192–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lawrence RA, Burk RF (1976) Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 71:952–958

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Erel O (2004) A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 37:277–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Desai ID (1984) Vitamin E analysis methods for animal tissues. Methods Enzymol 105:138–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Suzuki J, Katoh N (1990) A simple and cheap method for measuring vitamin A in cattle using only a spectrophotometer. Jpn J Vet Sci 52:1282–1284

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clegg MS, Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Hurley LS (1981) Influence of ashing techniques in the analyses of trace elements in animal tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 3:107–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kismali G, Ozgur E, Guler G, Akcay A, Sel T, Seyhan N (2012) The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on blood chemistry and oxidative stress in non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. Int J Rad Biol 88:414–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Devrim E, Ergüder IB, Kılıçoğlu B, Yaykaşlı E, Cetin R, Durak I (2008) Effects of electromagnetic radiation use on oxidant/antioxidant status and DNA turn-over enzyme activities in erythrocytes and heart, kidney, liver, and ovary tissues from rats: possible protective role of vitamin C. Toxicol Mech Methods 18:679–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nazıroğlu M, Özgül C, Çiğ B (2013) Neuroprotection induced by N-acetylcysteine against cytosolic glutathione depletion induced-Ca2+ influx through TRPV1 channels in dorsal root ganglion neuron of mice. Neuroscience 242:151–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zago MP, Oteiza PI (2001) The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 31:266–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pal A, Singh A, Nag TC, Chattopadhyay P, Mathur R, Jain S (2013) Iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field exposure promote functional recovery by attenuating free radical-induced damage in rats with spinal cord transection. Int J Nanomedicine 8:2259–2272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nazıroğlu M, Yürekli VA (2013) Effects of antiepileptic drugs on antioxidant and oxidant molecular pathways: focus on trace elements. Cell Mol Neurosci 33:589–599

    Google Scholar 

  47. Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Salbacak A, Celik I, Sivrikaya A (2012) The role of zinc supplementation in the inhibition of tissue damage caused by exposure to electromagnetic field in rat lung and liver tissues. Bratisl Lek Listy 113:400–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Alper Özorak

  2. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Mustafa Nazıroğlu & Ömer Çelik

  3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Murat Yüksel, Mehmet Okan Özkaya & Seyit Ali Kose

  4. Department of Biophysics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey

    Derviş Özçelik

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Hasan Çetin

  6. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey

    Mehmet Cemal Kahya

Authors
  1. Alper Özorak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Nazıroğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ömer Çelik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Murat Yüksel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Derviş Özçelik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mehmet Okan Özkaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hasan Çetin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mehmet Cemal Kahya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Seyit Ali Kose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mustafa Nazıroğlu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Özorak, A., Nazıroğlu, M., Çelik, Ö. et al. Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and Mobile Phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-Induced Risks on Oxidative Stress and Elements in Kidney and Testis of Rats During Pregnancy and the Development of Offspring. Biol Trace Elem Res 156, 221–229 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9836-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9836-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation