Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Serum Magnesium Status in Patients Subjects with Depression in the City of Yazd in Iran 2013–2014

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Depression is the most common mental disorder and involves many factors. The regulatory effects of magnesium on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels make it a factor in the treatment of depression. The present study investigated the level of serum magnesium in subjects diagnosed with depression in the city of Yazd in Iran. This cross-sectional study was done from January 2013 to January 2014 on 650 patients with depression who agreed to participate in this study. Diagnosis was made using the Beck Depression Inventory test (BDI-II); those scoring higher than 11 were sent to the medical school laboratory for further testing of serum magnesium levels. The mean age of the patients was 34.16 ± 9.12 years. Of the 650 subjects, 195 were male (30 %) and 455 were female (70 %). The total mean serum magnesium was 2.1 ± 0.26 mg/dl. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia 13.7 %, hypermagnesemia 8.3 %, and sub-optimal magnesium levels was 26.5 %. Sub-optimal prevalence in women (28.1 %) was higher than in men (26.2 %). A significant relationship was observed between depression and serum magnesium level (p = 0.02). The results indicated that the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in subjects diagnosed with depression is high compared to non-depressed individuals. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between hypomagnesemia and intensity of depression that suggests a role for this element in the pathogenesis of the disorder. The high sub-optimal prevalence among women indicates that increased attention should be paid to this group.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S (2013) Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2197–2223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Organization WH (2002) Annex 3: burden of disease in DALYs by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2001. The world health report 2002:192–197

    Google Scholar 

  3. Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K (2010) Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Soc Sci Med 71(2):305–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Organization WH (2014) Integrating the response to mental in health care systems disorders and other chronic diseases in health care systems, vol 1. World Health Organization

  5. Stewart D, Rondon M, Damiani G, Honikman J (2001) International psychosocial and systemic issues in women's mental health. Arch Womens Ment Health 4(1):13–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1997) Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349(9064):1498–1504. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sadeghirad B, Haghdoost A-A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Ananloo ES, Ghaeli P, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Talebian E, Pourkhandani A, Noorbala AA, Barooti E (2010) Epidemiology of major depressive disorder in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Preventive Med 1(2):81

    Google Scholar 

  8. Richards D (2011) Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 31(7):1117–1125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Saracli O, Akca AS, Atasoy N, Onder O, Senormanci O, Kaygisiz I, Atik L (2015) The relationship between quality of life and cognitive functions, anxiety and depression among hospitalized elderly patients. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 13(2):194–200. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.194

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, Vos T, Whiteford HA (2013) Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010

  11. Organization WH (2013) Mental health action plan 2013–2020, vol 1. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  12. Agarwal M, Hamilton JB, Moore CE, Crandell JL (2010) Predictors of depression among older African American cancer patients. Cancer Nurs 33(2):156–163. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181bdef76

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H (2006) Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J 27(23):2763–2774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Haenisch B, Bönisch H (2011) Depression and antidepressants: insights from knockout of dopamine, serotonin or noradrenaline re-uptake transporters. Pharmacol Ther 129(3):352–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS (2000) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 157(10):1552–1562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jacka F, Berk M (2007) Food for thought. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 19(5):321–323. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00246.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Eby GA, Eby KL (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 74(4):649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ (2011) Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 34(9):2116–2122. doi:10.2337/dc11-0518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Volpe SL (2015) Magnesium and the athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 14(4):279–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (2015) Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 95(1):1–46. doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boancă M, Popa EG, Lupuşoru R, Poroch V, Mititelu-Tarţău L, Lupuşoru CE (2014) The effects of magnesium nanovesicle formulations on spatial memory performance in mice. Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi 118(3):847–853

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ (2015) Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 6(10):1152–1157. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i10.1152

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Derom M-L, Sayón-Orea C, Martínez-Ortega JM, Martínez-González MA (2012) Magnesium and depression: a systematic review. Nutritional neuroscience

  24. Mori K, Yamamoto T, Nakao Y, Miyazaki M, Iwata J, Tamura M, Shiroishi T (2012) Novel neuroprotective effect of cisternal and intra-cerebral magnesium sulfate solution infusion on delayed cerebral death in rat hippocampal neurons after transient global ischemia. Brain Res 1480:72–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Swaminathan R (2003) Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev 24(2):47

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Poleszak E, Wlaź P, Kędzierska E, Nieoczym D, Wróbel A, Fidecka S, Pilc A, Nowak G (2007) NMDA/glutamate mechanism of antidepressant-like action of magnesium in forced swim test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 88(2):158–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Petrakis IL, Belger A, Berman RM, Charney DS, Abi-Saab W, Madonick S (1999) NMDA agonists and antagonists as probes of glutamatergic dysfunction and pharmacotherapies in neuropsychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 7(3):125–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Poleszak E, Wlaz P, Wrobel A, Dybala M, Sowa M, Fidecka S, Pilc A, Nowak G (2007) Activation of the NMDA/glutamate receptor complex antagonizes the NMDA antagonist-induced antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Rep 59(5):595–600

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Derom M-L, Martínez-González MA, del Carmen S-OM, Bes-Rastrollo M, Beunza JJ, Sánchez-Villegas A (2012) Magnesium intake is not related to depression risk in Spanish university graduates. J Nutr 142(6):1053–1059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Syedmoradi L, Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F (2011) Prevalence of hypo-and hypermagnesemia in an Iranian urban population. Ann Hum Biol 38(02):150–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dabson KS, Mohammadkhani P (2007) Psychometrics characteristic of Beck depression inventory-II in patients with major depressive disorder. J Rehabil 8(2):82–80

    Google Scholar 

  32. Association AP (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th text revision ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association:553–557

  33. Hermes Sales C, Azevedo Nascimento D, Queiroz Medeiros AC, Costa Lima K, Campos Pedrosa LF, Colli C (2014) There is chronic latent magnesium deficiency in apparently healthy university students. Nutr Hosp 30(1):200–204. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.30.1.7510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. la Cruz-Góngora D, Gaona B, Villalpando S, Shamah-Levy T, Robledo R (2012) Anemia and iron, zinc, copper and magnesium deficiency in Mexican adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006. Salud Publica Mex 54(2):135–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mataix J, Aranda P, López-Jurado M, Sánchez C, Planells E, Llopis J (2006) Factors influencing the intake and plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in southern Spain. Eur J Nutr 45(6):349–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Qian Q Dysmagnesemia in hospitalized patients: prevalence and prognostic importance. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2015. Elsevier, pp 1001–1010

  37. Sales CH, Nascimento DA, Medeiros ACQ, Lima KC, Pedrosa LC, Colli C (2014) There is chronic latent magnesium deficiency in apparently healthy university students. Nutr Hosp 30(1):200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tarleton EK, Littenberg B (2015) Magnesium intake and depression in adults. J Am Board Fam Med 28(2):249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bae YJ, Kim MH, Choi MK (2010) Analysis of magnesium contents in commonly consumed foods and evaluation of its daily intake in Korean independent-living subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 135(1–3):182–199. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8511-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD (2010) Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res 134(2):119–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim T-H, Choi J-y, Lee H-H, Park Y (2015) Associations between dietary pattern and depression in Korean adolescent girls. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

  42. Rahe C, Baune BT, Unrath M, Arolt V, Wellmann J, Wersching H, Berger K (2015) Associations between depression subtypes, depression severity and diet quality: cross-sectional findings from the BiDirect Study. BMC psychiatry 15(1):38

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee SP, Sung I-K, Kim JH, Lee S-Y, Park HS, Shim CS (2015) The effect of emotional stress and depression on the prevalence of digestive diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 21(2):273

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Elin RJ (2010) Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy. Magnes Res 23(4):194–198

    Google Scholar 

  45. Weglicki WB (2012) Hypomagnesemia and inflammation: clinical and basic aspects. Annu Rev Nutr 32:55–71. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rodríguez-Ortiz ME, Canalejo A, Herencia C, Martínez-Moreno JM, Peralta-Ramírez A, Perez-Martinez P, Navarro-González JF, Rodríguez M, Peter M, Gundlach K (2014) Magnesium modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and upregulates parathyroid receptor expression at moderately low calcium concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29(2):282–289

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Mao M, Srivali N, Ungprasert P, Varothai N, Sanguankeo A, Kittanamongkolchai W, Erickson S (2015) Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Internal medicine journal 45(4):436–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Whittle N, Li L, Chen W-Q, Yang J-W, Sartori SB, Lubec G, Singewald N (2011) Changes in brain protein expression are linked to magnesium restriction-induced depression-like behavior. Amino Acids 40(4):1231–1248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jin D-Z, Xue B, Mao L-M, Wang JQ (2015) Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 upregulates surface NMDA receptor expression in striatal neurons via CaMKII. Brain Res 1624:414–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences for their continued attention and their financial support of this research. I also extend my thanks to the officials and employees of Khatam-ol-Anbiya Clinic, the central laboratory of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, and all the participants whose close cooperation facilitated completion of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Bahonar Square, Central Building, Yazd, Iran

    Afsaneh Rajizadeh & Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi

  2. Department of General Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Mojtaba Yassini-Ardakani

  3. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Ali Dehghani

Authors
  1. Afsaneh Rajizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mojtaba Yassini-Ardakani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ali Dehghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajizadeh, A., Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Yassini-Ardakani, M. et al. Serum Magnesium Status in Patients Subjects with Depression in the City of Yazd in Iran 2013–2014. Biol Trace Elem Res 171, 275–282 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0542-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0542-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation