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Reciprocal Modulation Between Microglia and Astrocyte in Reactive Gliosis Following the CNS Injury

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Abstract

Reactive gliosis, also known as glial scar formation, is an inflammatory response characterized by the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes as well as astrocytic hypertrophy following injury in the central nervous system (CNS). The glial scar forms a physical and molecular barrier to isolate the injured area from adjacent normal nervous tissue for re-establishing the integrity of the CNS. It prevents the further spread of cellular damage but represents an obstacle to regrowing axons. In this review, we integrated the current findings to elucidate the tightly reciprocal modulation between activated microglia and astrocytes in reactive gliosis and proposed that modification of cellular response to the injury or cellular reprogramming in the glial scar could lead advances in axon regeneration and functional recovery after the CNS injury.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

ChABC:

Chondroitinase ABC

CSPGs:

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

CXCL10 C-X-C:

motif chemokine 10

FABP7/BLBP:

Fatty acid binding protein 7 brain (aka: brain lipid binding protein)

FGFR3:

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

Glast:

Glutamate aspartate transporter

Id3:

Inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation protein 3

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IL:

Interleukin

KSPGs:

Keratan sulfate proteoglycans

MHCII:

Major histocompatibility complex class II

NFI A/B:

Nuclear factor I protein A and B

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

Sox9:

Sex determining region Y-box 9

TGF-α and TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor alpha and beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the NIGMS P20GM103453.

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The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Spine Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China

    Zhongwen Gao & Qingsan Zhu

  2. Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Yiping Zhang & Christopher B. Shields

  3. Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China

    Yingzheng Zhao

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Room 336, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Zhongwen Gao

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 304F, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Lu Cai

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Jun Cai

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  1. Zhongwen Gao
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  2. Qingsan Zhu
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  3. Yiping Zhang
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  4. Yingzheng Zhao
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  5. Lu Cai
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  6. Christopher B. Shields
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  7. Jun Cai
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Correspondence to Qingsan Zhu or Jun Cai.

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Gao, Z., Zhu, Q., Zhang, Y. et al. Reciprocal Modulation Between Microglia and Astrocyte in Reactive Gliosis Following the CNS Injury. Mol Neurobiol 48, 690–701 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8460-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8460-4

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