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Changes in Tryptophan Catabolite (TRYCAT) Pathway Patterning Are Associated with Mild Impairments in Declarative Memory in Schizophrenia and Deficits in Semantic and Episodic Memory Coupled with Increased False-Memory Creation in Deficit Schizophrenia

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Abstract

Evidence indicates that schizophrenia and in particular negative symptoms and deficit schizophrenia are accompanied by neurocognitive impairments and changes in the patterning of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. This cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the associations between cognitive functions (as measured with Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD)) and TRYCAT pathway patterning in patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 40) deficit schizophrenia and normal controls (n = 40). Cognitive measures were assessed with the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Boston Naming Test (BNT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Word List Memory (WLM), Constructional Praxis, Word List Recall (WLRecall), and Word List Recognition (WLRecognition), while TRYCAT measurements assessed the IgA/IgM responses to noxious TRYCATs, namely quinolinic acid (QA), 3-OH-kynurenine (3HK), picolinic acid (PA), and xanthurenic (XA) acid, and more protective (PRO) TRYCATs, including kynurenic acid (KA) and anthranilic acid (AA). IgA NOX/PRO, IgM KA/3HK, and IgA/IgM NOX/PRO ratios were computed. Schizophrenia was accompanied by lower VFT and WLM, while BNT (dysnomia) and MMSE are significantly lower in multiple- than first-episode schizophrenia. Deficit schizophrenia is strongly associated with worse outcomes on VFT, MMSE, WLM, WLRecall, WLRecognition, and delayed recall savings and increased false memories. Around 40–50% of the variance in negative symptoms’ scores was explained by VFT, WLM, WLRecall, and MMSE. Increases in IgA NOX/PRO, IgM KA/3HK, and/or IgA/IgM NOX/PRO ratios were associated with impairments in VFT, BNT, MMSE, WLM, WLRecall, WLRecognition, and false-memory creation. In conclusion, nondeficit schizophrenia is accompanied by mild memory impairments, while disease progression is accompanied by broader cognitive impairments. Deficit schizophrenia and negative symptoms are strongly associated with deficits in working memory, delayed recall and recognition, and increased false-memory creation. These cognitive impairments and memory deficits are in part explained by increased production and/or attenuated regulation of TRYCATs with neurotoxic, excitotoxic, immune-inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative potential, which may contribute to neuroprogression.

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Acknowledgments

This research has been supported by the Asahi Glass Foundation, Chulalongkorn University Centenary Academic Development Project, and IDRPHT and GEMAC, France.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Buranee Kanchanatawan, Solaphat Hemrungrojn, Supaksorn Thika & Michael Maes

  2. Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Sunee Sirivichayakul & Kiat Ruxrungtham

  3. Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    André F. Carvalho

  4. Research Department, IDRPHT, Talence, France

    Michel Geffard

  5. GEMAC, Saint Jean d’Illac, France

    Michel Geffard

  6. CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, UK

    George Anderson

  7. IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

    Michael Maes

  8. Revitalis, Waalre, the Netherlands

    Michael Maes

  9. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    Michael Maes

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Contributions

All the contributing authors have participated in the manuscript. MM and BK designed the study. BK recruited patients and completed rating scales and diagnostic interviews. ST performed the CERAD measurements. SS performed the TRYCAT assays. MM carried out the statistical analyses. All authors contributed to interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Michael Maes.

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Kanchanatawan, B., Hemrungrojn, S., Thika, S. et al. Changes in Tryptophan Catabolite (TRYCAT) Pathway Patterning Are Associated with Mild Impairments in Declarative Memory in Schizophrenia and Deficits in Semantic and Episodic Memory Coupled with Increased False-Memory Creation in Deficit Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 55, 5184–5201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0751-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0751-8

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