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Arginine Vasopressin and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Pathophysiology: the Missing Link?

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Abstract

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiological entity characterized by a typical brain edema. Its pathogenesis is still debated through hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion theories, which have many limitations. As PRES occurs almost exclusively in clinical situations with arginine vasopressin (AVP) hypersecretion, such as eclampsia and sepsis, we hypothesize that AVP plays a central pathophysiologic role. In this review, we discuss the genesis of PRES and its symptoms through this novel approach. We theorize that AVP axis stimulation precipitates PRES development through an increase in AVP secretion or AVP receptor density. Activation of vasopressin V1a receptors leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, causing endothelial dysfunction and cerebral ischemia. This promotes cytotoxic edema through hydromineral transglial flux dysfunction and may increase endothelial permeability, leading to subsequent vasogenic brain edema. If our hypothesis is confirmed, it opens new perspectives for better patient monitoring and therapies targeting the AVP axis in PRES.

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Acknowledgments

The authors warmly thank Mark Nunn (mark.nunn@gmail.com) for correcting the English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France

    Bérenger Largeau & Olivier Le Tilly

  2. Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Methods in patients-centered outcomes and health research (SPHERE) - UMR 1246, CHRU de Tours, Service de Néphrologie-Hypertension artérielle, Dialyses et Transplantation Rénale, Tours, France

    Bénédicte Sautenet

  3. CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Tours, France

    Charlotte Salmon Gandonnière

  4. Université de Tours, Université de Limoges, INSERM, Individual profiling and prevention of risks with immunosuppressive therapies and transplantation (IPPRITT) - UMR 1248, CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France

    Chantal Barin-Le Guellec

  5. Université de Tours, INSERM, Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR) - UMR 1100, CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CIC 1415, réseau CRICS-TRIGGERSEP, Tours, France

    Stephan Ehrmann

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Contributions

Bérenger Largeau conceived the idea, wrote the manuscript, and performed the selection and summary of published literature on the relationship between PRES and AVP. Olivier Le Tilly, Bénédicte Sautenet, Charlotte Salmon Gandonnière, Chantal Barin-Le Guellec, and Stephan Ehrmann helped to design, write, and revise the paper.

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Largeau, B., Le Tilly, O., Sautenet, B. et al. Arginine Vasopressin and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Pathophysiology: the Missing Link?. Mol Neurobiol 56, 6792–6806 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1553-y

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