Abstract
Cysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium larva is a major public health problem, especially in the developing world and neurocysticercosis (NCC) is considered to be the most common parasitic infestation of the central nervous system. NCC is identified as the single most common cause of community acquired active epilepsy; 26.3% to 53.8% active epilepsy cases in the developing world including India and Latin America are due to NCC. It is also becoming more common in the developed world because of increased migration of people with the disease or Taenia solium carriers and frequent travel to the endemic countries. It is estimated that three quarters of the estimated 50 million people with active epilepsy live in the poor countries of the world. Recent Indian studies using neuroimaging techniques suggest that the disease burden in India surpasses many other developing countries. Hence it is important to know the epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria so as to assess the disease burden and adopt interventional strategies for its control. Literature search was done for this review with special emphasis on Indian studies to create awareness about the disease in India, since cysticercosis is preventable and potentially eradicable.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AHDs:
-
antihelminthic drugs
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CFT:
-
complement fixation tests
- CSF:
-
cerebrospinal fluid
- EITB:
-
enzyme electroimmune transfer blot
- ELISA:
-
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- IHA:
-
indirect haemagglutination tests
- JE:
-
Japanese encephalitis
- LTT:
-
lymphocyte transformation test
- MRI:
-
magnetic resonance imaging
- NCC:
-
neurocysticercosis
References
Allan J C, Garcia-Dominguez, Craig P S, Rogan M T, Lowe B S and Flisser A 1991 Sexual development of Taenia solium in hamsters; Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 85 473–477
Alvarez J I, Rivera J and Teale J M 2008 Differential release and phagocytosis of tegument glycoconjugates in neurocysticercosis: implications for immune evasion strategies; PLOS Neg. Trop. Dis. 2 e218
Armstrong H 1888 A case of Cysticercus cellulosae of brain in a native coolly; Indian Med. Gaz. 23 252
Astrid E C, Restrepo B I, Jaramillo J M and Judy M T 1999 Development of animal model for neurocysticercosis: immune response in the central nervous system is characterized by predominance of γδT cells; J. Immunol. 162 995–1002
Azad R, Gupta RK, Kumar S, Pandey CM, Prasad KN, Husain N and Husain M 2003 Is neurocysticercosis a risk facfor in coexistent intracranial disease? An MRI based study; J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74 359–361
Bertellote J M 1994 Epilepsy as a public health problem; Trop. Geogr. Med. 146 28–30
Bara Valencia, Moreno Elola-Olaso A, Fundora Suarez Y, Menen Diaz J C, Jimenez de los Galanes S F, Perez Saborido B, San Juan R and Ruiz Gimenez J 2002 Second case of neurocysticercosis in a patients with liver transplantation (first case in Spain): a case report; Transplant Proc. 39 2454–2457
Carpio A, Escobar A and Hauser WA 1998 Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a critical review; Epilepsia 39 1025–1040
Chandramukhi A and Nayak P 1990 Subacute and chronic meningitis in children-an immunological study of cerebrospinal fluid; Indian J. Pediatr. 57 685–691
Chavarria A, Fleury A, Bobes R J, Morales J, Fragoso G and Sciutoo E A 2006 Depressed peripheral cellular immune response is related to symptomatic neurocysticercosis; Microbes Infect. 8 1082–1089
Chawla S, Husain N, Kumar S, Pal L, Tripathi M and Gupta R K 2004 Correlative MRI imaging and histopathology in porcine neurocysticercosis; J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 20 208–215
Cho S Y, Kim S I and Kang S Y and Park A J 1988 Intracranial synthesis of specific IgG antibody in cerebrospinal fluid of neurocysticercosis patients; Korean J. Parasitol. 26 15–26
Corona T, Pascoe D and Gonzalez-Barranco D 1986 Anticysticercus antibodies in serum and cerebro spinal fluid in patients with cerebral cysticercosis; J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49 1044–1049
Correa D, Dalma D and Espinoza B 1985 Heterogenity of humoral immune components in human cysticercosis; J. Parasitol. 71 535–541
Cruz M E, Schantz P M and Cruz I 1999 Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in an Andean community; Int. J. Epidemiol. 28 799–803
Cruz re revilla C, Rosas G and Fragoso G 2000 Taenia Crassiceps cysticercosis: Protective effect and immune response elicited by DNA immunization; J. Parasitol. 86 67–74
David S and Mathai E 2000 Occular cysticercosis- a review of 25 cases; J. Assoc. Physicians India 48 704–707
Del Brutto O H and Sotelo J 1988 Neurocysticercosis: an update; Rev. Infec. Dis. 10 1075–1087
Del Brutto OH, Grandos G, Talamas O, Sotelo J and Gorodezky C 1991 Genetic pattern of the HLA system HLA A, B, C, DR, DQ antigens in Mexican Patients with parenchymal brain cysticercosis; Hum. Biol. 63 85–93
Del Brutto O H, Wadia N H, Dumas M, Curz M, Tsang V C and Schantz P M 1996 Proposal of diagnostic criteria for human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis; J. Neurol. Sci. 142 1–6
Del Brutto O H, Castillo P R, Mena I X and Freire A X 1997 Neurocysticercosis among patients with cerebral gliomas; Arch. Neurol. 54 1125–1128
Del Brutto O H, Rajshekhar V, White A C Jr, Tsang V C, Nash T E, Takayanagui O M, Schantz P M, Evans C A, Flisser A, Correa D, Botero D, Allan J C, Sarti E, Gonzalez A E, Gilman R H and Garcia H H 2001 Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis; Neurology 57 177–183
Del Brutto O H, Santibanez R, Idrovo L, Rodriguez S, Diaz-Calderon E, Navas C, Gilman R H, Cuesta F, Mosquera A, Gonzalez A E, Tsang V C and Garcia H H 2005 Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Atahualpa: a door-to-door survey in rural coastal Ecuador; Epilepsia 46 583–587
Delobel P, Signate A, El Guedj M, Couppie P, Gueye M, Smadja D and Pradinaud R 2004 Unusual form of neurocysticercosis associated with HIV infection; Eur. J. Neurol. 11 55–58
Desai A, Shankar S K, Jayakumar P N, Chandramuki A, Gourie-Devi M, Ravikumar BV and Ravi V 1997 Co-existence of cerebral cysticercosis with Japanese encephalitis: a prognostic modulator; Epidemiol. Infect. 118 165–171
Eddi C, Nari A and Amanfu W 2003 Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis: potential linkage with FAO activities; FAO support possibilities; Acta Trop. 871 145–148
Escobar A and Neito D 1972 Parasitic diseases; in Patholgoy of the nervous system (ed.) J Minckler (New York: McGraw-Hill) pp 2503–2521
Evans C 1996 The immunology of taeniasis/cysticercosis implications for prevention and treatment. (H H Garcia and S Marinez), (Taeniasis/cysticercosis por T. solium. Lima: Editorial Universo SA) pp 50–64
Ferreira A P, Vaz A J, Nakamura P M, Sasaki A T, Ferreira A W and Livramento J A 1997 Hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: development of a stable reagent using homologous and heterologous antigens; Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 39 29–33
Fleury A, Hernández M, Fragoso G, Parkhouse R M E, Harrison L J S and Sciutto E 2003 Detection of secreted cysticercal antigen: a useful tool in the diagnosis of inflammatory neurocysticercosis; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97 542–546
Flisser A, Gnzalez D and Skhurovich M 1990a Parziquantel treatment of porcine brain and muscle Taenia solium cysticercosis; Parasitol. Res. 76 263–269
Flisser A, Gnzalez D and Skhurovich M 1990b Parziquantel treatment of porcine brain and muscle Taenia solium cysticercosis: radiological, physiological and histopathological studies; Parasitol. Res. 76 640–642
Flisser A, Tarrab R, Willms K and Larralde C 1975 Immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion in the diagnosis of human cerebral cysticercosis; Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex) 6 1–12
François A, Favennec L, Cambon-Michot C, Gueit I, Biga N, Tron F, Brasseur P and Hemet J 1998 Taenia crassiceps invasive cysticercosis: a new human pathogen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 488–492
Garcia H H and Del Brutto O H 2003a Imaging findings in neurocysticercosis; Acta Tropica 87 71–78
Garcia H H, Gonzalez A E, Gilman R H Diagnosis, treatment and control of Taenia solium cysticercosis; Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16 411–419
Garcia H H, Del Brutto O H, Nash T E, White A C jr, Tsang V C and Gilman R H 2005 New concepts in the diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium); Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72 3–9
Garcia H H, Pretell E J, Gilman R H, Martinez S M, Moulton L H and Oscar H 2004 A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis; N. Engl. J. Med. 350 249–258
Garcia-Noval J, Allan J C, Fletes C, Moreno E, DeMata F, Torres-Alvarez R, Soto de Alfaro H, Yurrita P, Higueros-Morales H, Mencos F and Craig P S 1996 Epidemiology of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in two rural Guatemalan communities; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55 282–289
Garg R K and Kar A M 2002 Neurocysticercosis: Diagnosis and treatment in special situations; in Taenia solium cysticercosis. From basic to clinical science (eds) G Singh and S Prabhakar (Wallingford: CABI Publishing) pp 281–287
Grag R K 2002 Response to “Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis”; Neurology 58 1315
Gonzalez A E, Cama V, Gilman R H, Tsang V C, Pilcher J B and Chavera A 1990 Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 43 194–199
Gordillo-Paniagua G, Munoz-Arizpe R, Ponsa-Moling R 1987 Unusual complication in a patient with renal transplantation: Cerebral cysticercosis; Nephron 45 65–67
Gottstein B, Tsang V C and Schantz P M 1986 Demonstration of species-specific and cross-reactive components of Taenia solium metacestode antigens; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35 308–313
Grewal J S, Kaur S, Bhatti G, Ganguly N K, Mahajan R C and Malla N 2000 Kinetics of humoral and cellular immune responses in experimental cysticercosis in pigs infected with Taenia solium; Indian J. Med. Res. 111 43–49
Gupta R K, Rao S B, Jain R, Pal R K, Venkatesh S K and Rathore R K S 2001 Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradient echo phase imaging; J. Comput. Assist. Tomo. 25 698–704
Herrera L A, Ramirez T, Rodríguez U, Corona T, Sotelo J, Lorenzo M, Ramos F and Verdorfer I 2000 Possible association between Taenia solium cysticercosis and cancer: increased frequency of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes from neurocysticercosis patients; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94 61–65
Ito A, Plancarte A, Ma L, Kong Y, Flisser A, Cho S Y, Liu Y H, Kamhawi S, Lightowlers M W and Schantz P M 1998 Novel antigens for neurocysticercosis: simple method for preparation and evaluation for serodiagnosis; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59 291–294
Ito A, Putra M I and Subahar R 2002 Dogs as alternative intermediate hosts of Taenia solium in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia confirmed by highly specific ELISA and immunoblot using native and recombinant antigens and mitochondrial DNA analysis; J. Helminthol. 76 311–314
Jain S, Padma M V, Kanga U, Puri A, Mehra N K and Maheshwari M C 1997 Human leukocyte antigen studies in Indian probands with seizures associated with single small enhancing computed tomography lesions and seizure types in their family members; J. Epilepsy 10 55–61
Kaur M, Joshi K, Ganguly N K, Mahajan R C and Malla N C 1995 Evaluation of efficacy of albendazole against the larvae of Taenia solium in experimentally infected pigs, and kinetics of immune response; Int. J. Parasitol. 25 1443–1450
Khurana S, Aggarwal A and Malla N 2006 Prevalence of anticysticercus antibodies in slum, rural and urban populations in and around Union territory, Chandigarh; Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 49 51–53
Krishnaswamy CS 1912 Case of Cysticercus cellulosae; Indian Med. Gaz. 47 43–44
Kramer L D 1995 Medical treatment of cysticercosis: ineffective; Arch. Neurol. 52 101–102
Karmer L D, Lock G E, Byrd S E and Dryabagi J 1989. Cerebral cysticercosis: documentation of natural history with CT; Radiology 1 173 459–462
Lightowlers M W 2003 Vaccines for prevention of cysticercosis Acta Trop. 87 129–135
Luis I T, Bojalil R, Govezensky T and Larralde C 1988 Shift from an early protective Th-1 type immune response to late permissive Th-2 type response in murine cysticercosis; J. Parasitol. 84 74–81
MacArthur W P 1934 Cysticercosis as a cause of epilepsy in man; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26 525–528
Mahajan R C 1982 Geographical distribution human cyticercosis; in Cysticercosis: present state of knowledge and perspectives (eds) A Flisser, K Willms, C Laclette, C Larrolde, C Ridaura and F Beltran (New York: Academic Press) pp 39–46
Mahajan R C, Chitkara N L and Chopra J S 1974 Evaluation of cysticercosis and adult worm antigens in serodiagnosis of cysticercosis; Indian J. Med. Res. 62 1310–1313
Mahajan R C, Chopra J S and Chitkara N L 1975 Comparative evaluation of indirect haemagglutination and complement fixation tests in serodiagnosis of cysticercosis; Indian J. Med. Res. 63 121–125
Mahajan R C, Chopra J S and Ganguly N K 1982 Human cysticercosis and epilepsy: a serological study; in Cysticercosis: present state of knowledge and perspectives (eds) A Flisser, K Willms, C Laclette, C Larrolde, C Ridaura and F Beltran (New York: Academic Press) pp 171–178
Malla N, Kaur M and Kaur U Ganguly N K and Mahajan R C 1992 Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent—assay for the detection of anticysticercus antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurocysticercosis; J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 36 181–190
Malla N, Kaur R and Ganguly N K, Sawhney I M and Mahajan R C 2005 Utility of specific IgG4 response in saliva and serum samples for the diagnosis and follow up of human neurocysticercosis; Nepal Med. Coll. J. 7 1–9
Mani A, Ramesh C K and Ahuja G K 1974 Cysticercosis presenting as epilepsy; Neurol. India 22 30
Marvilla A G and Cabrera V 1998 Comparative development of Taenia solium experimental animal models; J. Parasitiol. 84 882–886
Mauad T, Battlehner C N, Bedrikow C L, Capelozzi V L, Saldiva P H 1997 Case report: massive cardiopulmonary cysticercosis in a leukemic patient; Pathol. Res. Pract. 193 527–529
Medina M T, Genton P, Montoya M C, Cordova S, Dravet C and Sotelo J 1993 Effect of anticysticercal treatment the prognosis of epilepsy in neurocysticercosis a pilot trial; Epilepsia 34 1024–1027
Mitchell W G and Crawford T O 1997 Intraparenchymal cerebral cysticercosis in children: diagnosis and treatment; Pedia Neurol 82 76–82
Montano S M, Villaran M V, Ylquimiche L, Figueroa J J, Rodriguez S, Bautista C T, Gonzalez A E, Tsang V C, Gilman R H and Garcia H H 2005 Neurocysticercosis: association between seizures, serology, and brain CT in rural Peru; Neurology 65 229–233
Nicoletti A, Bartoloni A, Sofia V, Bartalesi F, Chavez J R, Osinaga R, Paradisi F, Dumas J L, Tsang V C, Reggio A and Hall A J 2005 Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural Bolivia: a population-based survey; Epilepsia 46 1127–1132
Pardini A X and Vaz J A 2001 Cysticercus antigen in cerebrospinal fluid samples from patient with Neurocysticercosis; J. Clin. Micro. 12 3368–3372
Parija S C and Reddy R S 2006 Co-agglutination test for cysticercus antigen detection in the serum for the diagnosis of cysticercosis; Trop. Doct. 36 144–147
Parija S C, Balamurungan N and Sahu P S Subbaiah S P 2005 Cysticercus antibodies and antigens in serum from blood donors from Pondicherry, India; Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 47 227–230
Plancerte A, Fexas M, Flisser A 1994 Reactivity in ELISA and dot blot of purified GP24, an immunodominant antigen of Taenia solium, for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis; Int. J. Parasitol. 24 733–738
Plancarte A, Flisser A, Gauci C G and Lightowlers M W 1999 Vaccination against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs using native and recombinant oncosphere antigens; Int. J. Parasitol. 29 643–647
Powell S Y, Proctor A J and Wilmor B 1986 Cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa: a clinical and neurological study; Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 60 142–158
Prabhakaran V, Rajshekhar V, Murrell K D and Oommen A 2004 Taenia solium metacestode glycoproteins as diagnostic antigens for solitary cysticercus granuloma in Indian patients; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98 478–484
Prabhakaran V, Rajshekhar V, Murrell K D and Oommen A 2007 Conformation sensitive immunoassays improve the serodiagnosis of solitary cysticercus granuloma in Indian patients; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101 570–577
Prasad A, Gupta R K. Nath K, Pradhan S, Tripathi M, Pandey C M and Prasad K N 2008a What triggers seizures in neurocysticercosis? — A MRI based Study in Pig Farming Community from a District of North India; Parasitol. Int. 55 166–171
Prasad K N, Prasad A, Gupta R K. Nath K, Pradhan S, Tripathi M and Pandey C M 2008b Neurocysticercosis in Patients with Active Epilepsy From a Pig Farming Community; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.015
Prasad A, Prasad K N, Yadav A, Gupta R K, Pradhan S, Jha S, Tripathi M and Husain M 2008c Lymphocyte Transformation Test: A new method for diagnosis of neurocysticerosis (NCC); Diag. Micro. Infec. Dis. 61 198–202
Prasad K N, Chawla S, Jain D, Pandey C M, Pal L, Pradhan S and Gupta R K 2002 Human and porcine Taenia solium infection in rural north India; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 515–516
Prasad K N, Chawla S, Prasad A, Tripathi M, Husain N and Gupta R K 2006 Clinical Signs for Identification of Neurocysticercosis in Swine Naturally Infected with Taenia solium; Parasitol. Int. 55 51–54
Prasad K N, Prasad A, Gupta R K, Pandey C M and Uttam S 2007 Prevalence and associated risk factors of T. solium taeniasis in a rural pig farming community of North India; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101 1241–1247
Rabiela-Cervantes M T, Rivas-Hernandez A, Rodrizuezlbarra J, Castillo-Medina S and Cancino F M 1982 Anatomopatholgical aspects of human brain cysticercosis; in Cysticercosis: Present State of Knowledge and Perspectives (eds) A Flisser, K Willims, J P Laclette and C Larraide (New York; Academic Press) pp 179–200
Rajshekhar V M, Raghava V, Prabhakaran V, Ommen A and Muliyil J 2006 Active epilepsy as an index of burden of neurocysticercosis in Vellore district, India; Neurology 67 2135–2139
Ramos-Kuri M, Montoya RM, Padilla A, Govezensky T, Díaz ML, Sciutto E, Sotelo J and Larralde C 1992 Immunodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis: Disappointing performance of serology (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in an unbiased sample of neurological patients; Arch. Neurol. 49 633–636
Ratnam S, Khanna P N and Bandopadhyaya A K 1983 Incidence of taeniais in man; Indian J. Public Health 27 70–74
Restrepo B I, Liaguno P, Sandoval M A, Enciso J A and Teale J M 1998 Analysis of immune lesions in neurocysticercosis patients: central nervous system response to helminth appears Th-1 like instead of Th-2; J. Neuroimmunol. 89 64–72
Rickard M D, Harrison G B, Heath D D and Lightowlers M W 1995 Taenia ovis recombinant vaccine — ‘quo vadit’; Parasitology 110 S5–S9
Riley T and White A C Jr 2003 Management of neurocysticercosis; CNS Drugs 17 577–591
Robinson P, Atmar R L, Lewis D E and White A C Jr. 1997 Granuloma cytokines in murine cysticercosis; Infect. Immun. 65 2925–2931
Saigal R K, Sandhu S K, Sidhu P K and Gupta K 1984 Cysticercosis in Patiala (Punjab); J. Postgrad. Med. 30 46–48
Sanchez A L, Lindback J, Schantz P M Sone M, Sakai H, Medina T M and Ljungstrom I 1999 A population-based, case-control study of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis; Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 93 247–258
Sarti E, Schantz PM, Plancarte A, Wilson M, Gutierrez OI, Aguilera J, Roberts J and Flisser A 1994 Epidemiological investigation of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a rural village of Michoacan state, Mexico; Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 49–52
Sawhney I M, Lekhra O P, Shashi J S, Prabhakar S and Chopra J S 1996 Evaluation of epilepsy management in a developing country: a prospective study of 407 patients; Acta Neurol. Scand. 94 19–23
Schantz P M 1996 Cysticercosis in non-endemic countries: the example of the United State; in Taeniasis/cysticercosis (eds) H H Garcia and S Martfnez (Lima: Editorial Universe SA) pp 277–286
Schwan E V, de Scally M P, Van Rensburg C L and Durand D T 2000 Unusal finding of T. solium; J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 73 219–221
Shankar S K, Ravi V, Suryanarayana V, Chandramukhi A and Ravikumar B V 1995 Immunoreactive antigenic sites of Cysticercus cellulosae relevant to human neurocysticercosis—immunocytochemical localization using human CSF as source of antibody; Clin. Neuropathol. 14 33–36
Shankar S K, Suryanarayana V, Vasantha S, Ravi V and Ravi B V K 1994 Biology of neurocysticercosis-parasite related factors modulating host response; Med. J. Armed Forces India 50 79–88
Sharda D, Chawala S and Gupta R K 2002 Imaging and spectroscopy of neurocysticercosis; in Taenia solium cysticercosis. From basic to clinical science (eds) G Singh and S Prabhakar (Wallingford: CABI Publishing) pp 311–328
Singh G and Sander J 2004 Anticysticercal treatment and seizures in neurocysticercosis; Lancet Neurol. 3 207–208
Tsang V C, Brand J A and Boyer A E 1989 An enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium); J. Infect. Dis. 159 50–59
Villa O F and Kuhn R E 1996 Mice infected with the larvae of Taenia crassiceps exhibit a Th2- like immune response with concomitant anergy and downregulation of Th1- associated phenomena; Parasitology 112 561–570
Wani M A, Banerjee A K and Tandon P N 1981 Neurocysticercosis some uncommon presentations; Neurol. India 29 58–63
White A C, Robinson P and Khun R 1997 Taenia solium cysticercosis: host parasite interaction and the immune response; Chem. Immunol. 66 209–230
Wilson M, Bryan R T, Fried J A, Ware D A, Schantz P M, Pilcher J B and Tsang V C 1991 Clinical evaluation of the cysticercosis enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot in patients with neurocysticercosis; J. Infect. Dis. 164 1007–1008
World Health Organization 1983 Guidelines for Surveillance Prevention and Control of Taeniasis/Cysticercosis WHO document VPH/83.49, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prasad, K.N., Prasad, A., Verma, A. et al. Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review. J Biosci 33, 571–582 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-008-0075-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-008-0075-y