Abstract
It has been reported that alkaloids derived from Coptis chinensis exert anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α). However, the signaling-based mechanism of the inhibitory role of epiberberine in the early stages of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation is uncharacterized. Here, we show that epiberberine had inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and significantly decreased lipid accumulation by downregulating an adipocyte-specific transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, we observed that epiberberine markedly suppressed the differentiation-mediated phosphorylation of components of both the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MEK1)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 (AMPKα)/Akt pathways. In addition, gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was significantly inhibited by treatment with epiberberine during adipogenesis. These results indicate that the anti-adipogenic mechanism of epiberberine is associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt, followed by downregulation of the major transcription factors of adipogenesis, such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and SREBP-1, and FAS. Taken together, this study suggests that the anti-adipogenic effect of epiberberine is mediated by downregulation of the Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt pathways during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, the anti-adipogenic effects of epiberberine were not accompanied by modulation of β-catenin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aubert, J., S. Dessolin, N. Belmonte, M. Li, F.R. McKenzie, L. Staccini, P. Villageois, B. Barhanin, A. Vernallis, A.G. Smith, G. Ailhaud, and C. Dani. 1999. Leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor promote adipocyte differentiation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 24965–24972.
Bae, S., and Y. Yoon. 2013. Anti-adipogenic activity of berberine is not mediated by the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Phytotherapy Research 27: 937–943.
Baudry, A., Z.Z. Yang, and B.A. Hemmings. 2006. PKBα is required for adipose differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Journal of Cell Science 119: 889–897.
Baulande, S., and B. Fève. 2005. Identification of new genes involved in adipogenesis. Medical Science (Paris). 21: 26–28.
Bennett, C.N., S.E. Ross, K.A. Longo, L. Bajnok, N. Hemati, K.W. Johnson, S.D. Harrison, and O.A. MacDougald. 2002. Regulation of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 30998–31004.
Choi, J.S., J.H. Kim, M.Y. Ali, B.S. Min, G.D. Kim, and H.A. Jung. 2014. Coptis chinensis alkaloids exert anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ. Fitoterapia 98: 199–208.
Claycombe, K.J., B.H. Jones, M.K. Standridge, Y. Guo, J.T. Chun, J.W. Taylor, and N. Moustaïd-Moussa. 1998. Insulin increases fatty acid synthase gene transcription in human adipocytes. American Journal of Physiology 274: R1253–R1259.
Cornelius, P., O.A. MacDougald, and M.D. Lane. 1994. Regulation of adipocyte development. Annual Review of Nutrition 14: 99–129.
Cristancho, A.G., and M.A. Lazar. 2011. Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12: 722–734.
Doggrell, S.A. 2005. Berberine-a novel approach to cholesterol lowering. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14: 683–685.
Green, H., and M. Meuth. 1974. An established pre-adipose cell line and its differentiation in culture. Cell 3: 127–133.
Grundy, S.M. 2004. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89: 2595–2600.
Han, Y.L., H.L. Yu, D. Li, X.L. Meng, Z.Y. Zhou, Q. Yu, X.Y. Zhang, F.J. Wang, and C. Guo. 2011. In vitro inhibition of Huanglian [Rhizoma coptidis (L.)] and its six active alkaloids on six cytochrome P450 isoforms in human liver microsomes. Phytotherapy Research 25: 1660–1665.
Hsieh, Y.S., W.H. Kuo, T.W. Lin, H.R. Chang, T.H. Lin, P.N. Chen, and S.C. Chu. 2007. Protective effects of berberine against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity on endothelial cells. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55: 10437–10445.
Huang, C., Y. Zhang, Z. Gong, X. Sheng, Z. Li, W. Zhang, and Y. Qin. 2006. Berberine inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through the PPARγ pathway. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications 348: 571–578.
Ikuta, A., and H. Itokawa. 1988. Alkaloids of tissue cultures of Nandina domestica. Phytochemistry 27: 2143–2145.
Jiang, X.F., L.J. Wang, X.G. Li, Z.Q. Zhao, and J.Y. Zhu. 2011. Isolation of jatrorrhizine and epiberberine in Coptis chinensis and their in vitro hypoglycemic effect. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 9: 44–49.
Jo, J., O. Gavrilova, S. Pack, W. Jou, S. Mullen, A.E. Sumner, S.W. Cushman, and V. Periwal. 2009. Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia: dynamics of adipose tissue growth. PLoS Computational Biology 5: e1000324.
Jung, H.A., B.S. Min, T. Yokozawa, J.H. Lee, Y.S. Kim, and J.S. Choi. 2009. Anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant activities of Coptidis Rhizoma alkaloids. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32: 1433–1438.
Jung, H.A., N.Y. Yoon, H.J. Bae, B.S. Min, and J.S. Choi. 2008. Inhibitory activities of the alkaloids from Coptidis Rhizoma against aldose reductase. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research 31: 1405–1412.
Kawai, M., S. Mushiake, K. Bessho, M. Murakami, N. Namba, C. Kokubu, T. Michigami, and K. Ozono. 2007. Wnt/Lrp/β-catenin signaling suppresses adipogenesis by inhibiting mutual activation of PPARγ and C/EBPα. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications 363: 276–282.
Khandekar, M.J., P. Cohen, and B.M. Spiegelman. 2011. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nature Reviews Cancer 11: 886–895.
Kim, J.B., and B.M. Spiegelman. 1996. ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. Genes & Development 10: 1096–1107.
Kim, S.W., A.M. Muise, P.J. Lyons, and H.S. Ro. 2001. Regulation of adipogenesis by a transcriptional repressor that modulates MAPK activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276: 10199–10206.
Ko, W.H., X.Q. Yao, C.W. Lau, W.I. Law, Z.Y. Chen, W. Kwok, K. Ho, and Y. Huang. 2000. Vasorelaxant and antiproliferative effects of berberine. European Journal of Pharmacology 399: 187–196.
Kohn, A.D., S.A. Summers, M.J. Birnbaum, and R.A. Roth. 1996. Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 31372–31378.
Kuo, C.L., C.W. Chi, and T.Y. Liu. 2004. The anti-inflammatory potential of berberine in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Letters 203: 127–137.
Kwak, D.H., J.H. Lee, D.G. Kim, T. Kim, K.J. Lee, and J.Y. Ma. 2013. Inhibitory effects of hwangryunhaedok-tang in 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by regulation of Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 pathway and PDK1/Akt phosphorylation. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 413906.
Lee, H.Y., and C.W. Kim. 1997. Studies on the constituents of Berberis amurensis Ruprecht. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy 28: 257–263.
Logan, C.Y., and R. Nusse. 2004. The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20: 781–810.
Lowe, C.E., S. O’Rahilly, and J.J. Rochford. 2011. Adipogenesis at a glance. Journal of Cell Science 124: 2681–2686.
Magun, R., B.M. Burgering, P.J. Coffer, D. Pardasani, Y. Lin, J. Chabot, and A. Sorisky. 1996. Expression of a constitutively activated form of protein kinase B (c-Akt) in 3T3-L1 preadipose cells causes spontaneous differentiation. Endocrinology 137: 3590–3593.
Manning, B.D., and L.C. Cantley. 2007. AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell 129: 1261–1274.
Park, M.Y., D.W. Seo, J.Y. Lee, M.K. Sung, Y.M. Lee, H.H. Jang, H.Y. Choi, J.H. Kim, and D.S. Park. 2011. Effects of Panicum miliaceum L. extract on adipogenic transcription factors and fatty acid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition Research and Practice 5: 192–197.
Pilch, P.F., and N. Bergenhem. 2006. Pharmacological targeting of adipocytes/fat metabolism for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Molecular Pharmacology 70: 779–785.
Prestwich, T.C., and O.A. Macdougald. 2007. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in adipogenesis and metabolism. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 19: 612–617.
Prusty, D., B.H. Park, K.E. Davis, and S.R. Farmer. 2002. Activation of MEK/ERK signaling promotes adipogenesis by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) and C/EBPα gene expression during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 46226–46232.
Rayalam, S., M.A. Della-Fera, and C.A. Baile. 2008. Phytochemicals and regulation of the adipocyte life cycle. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 19: 717–726.
Rosen, E.D., and O.A. MacDougald. 2006. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7: 885–896.
Seger, R., and E.G. Krebs. 1995. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB Journal 9: 726–735.
Smith, P.J., L.S. Wise, R. Berkowitz, C. Wan, and C.S. Rubin. 1988. Insulin-like growth factor-I is an essential regulator of the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 9402–9408.
Tang, J.J., J.G. Li, W. Qi, W.W. Qiu, P.S. Li, B.L. Li, and B.L. Song. 2011. Inhibition of SREBP by a small molecule, betulin, improves hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and reduces atherosclerotic plaques. Cell Metabolism 13: 44–56.
Tang, L.Q., W. Wei, L.M. Chen, and S. Liu. 2006. Effects of berberine on diabetes induced by alloxan and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108(1): 109–115.
Wang, J.L., and D.C. Fang. 1990. Effect of epiberberine on α-adrenoceptors. Yao Xue Xue Bao 4: 289–292.
Xing, Y., F. Yan, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, and Y. Zhao. 2010. Matrine inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation associated with suppression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 396: 691–695.
Xu, J., and K. Liao. 2004. Protein kinase B/AKT 1 plays a pivotal role in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279: 35914–35922.
Zhang, H.H., J. Huang, K. Düvel, B. Boback, S. Wu, R.M. Squillace, C.L. Wu, and B.D. Manning. 2009. Insulin stimulates adipogenesis through the Akt-TSC2-mTORC1 pathway. PLoS One 4: e6189.
Zhang, M., and L. Chen. 2012. Berberine in type 2 diabetes therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiarrheal drug? Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2: 379–386.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2012R1A6A1028677).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Jae Sue Choi and Ji-Hye Kim have equally contributed to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, J.S., Kim, JH., Ali, M.Y. et al. Anti-adipogenic effect of epiberberine is mediated by regulation of the Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt pathways. Arch. Pharm. Res. 38, 2153–2162 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0626-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0626-3