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Population Attributable and Preventable Fractions: Cancer Risk Factor Surveillance, and Cancer Policy Projection

  • Cancer Epidemiology (G Colditz, Section Editor)
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Abstract

The proportions of new cancer cases and deaths that are caused by exposure to risk factors and that could be prevented are key statistics for public health policy and planning. This paper summarizes the methodologies for estimating, challenges in the analysis of, and utility of, population attributable and preventable fractions for cancers caused by major risk factors such as tobacco smoking, dietary factors, high body fat, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, infectious agents, occupational exposure, air pollution, sun exposure, and insufficient breastfeeding. For population attributable and preventable fractions, evidence of a causal relationship between a risk factor and cancer, outcome (such as incidence and mortality), exposure distribution, relative risk, theoretical-minimum-risk, and counterfactual scenarios need to be clearly defined and congruent. Despite limitations of the methodology and the data used for estimations, the population attributable and preventable fractions are a useful tool for public health policy and planning.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France

    Kevin D. Shield, Claire Marant Micallef, Freddie Bray & Isabelle Soerjomataram

  2. Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    D. Maxwell Parkin

  3. Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

    David C. Whiteman

  4. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  5. Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE IFSTTAR, UMRESTTE, Lyon, France

    Vivian Viallon

  6. Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy

    Paolo Vineis

  7. MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Paolo Vineis

  8. Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College of London, London, UK

    Lesley Rushton

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Kevin D. Shield, D. Maxwell Parkin, David C. Whiteman, Jürgen Rehm, Vivian Viallon, Claire Marant Micallef, Paolo Vineis, Lesley Rushton, Freddie Bray, Isabelle Soerjomataram declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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French National Cancer Institute [contract number 2015-002].

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Shield, K.D., Parkin, D.M., Whiteman, D.C. et al. Population Attributable and Preventable Fractions: Cancer Risk Factor Surveillance, and Cancer Policy Projection. Curr Epidemiol Rep 3, 201–211 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-016-0085-5

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