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S3-Guideline on allergy prevention: 2014 update

Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and the German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ)

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Abstract

The continued high prevalence of allergic diseases in Western industrialized nations combined with the limited options for causal therapy make evidence-based primary prevention necessary. The recommendations last published in the S3-guideline on allergy prevention in 2009 have been revised and a consensus reached on the basis of an up-to-date systematic literature search.

Evidence was sought for the period between May 2008 and May 2013 in the Cochrane and MEDLINE electronic databases, as well as in the reference lists of recent review articles. In addition, experts were surveyed for their opinions. The relevance of retrieved literature was checked by means of two filter processes: firstly according to title and abstract, and secondly based on the full text of the articles. Included studies were given an evidence grade, and a bias potential (low/high) was specified for study quality. A formal consensus on the revised recommendations was reached by representatives of the relevant specialist societies and (self-help) organizations (nominal group process).

Of 3,284 hits, 165 studies (one meta-analysis, 15 systematic reviews, 31 randomized controlled trials, 65 cohort studies, 12 case-control studies and 41 cross-sectional studies) were included and evaluated. Recommendations on the following remain largely unaltered: full breastfeeding for 4 months as a means of allergy prevention (hypoallergenic infant formula in the case of infants at risk); avoidance of overweight; fish consumption (during pregnancy/lactation and in the introduction of solid foods for infants); vaccination according to the recommendations of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (Ständige Impfkommission, STIKO); avoidance of air pollutants and tobacco exposure and avoidance of indoor conditions conducive to the development of mold. The assertion that a reduction in house-dust mite allergen content as a primary preventive measure is not recommended also remains unchanged. The introduction of solid foods into infant diet should not be delayed. In the case of children at risk cats should not be acquired as domestic pets. Keeping dogs is not associated with an increased risk of allergy. The updated guideline includes a new recommendation to consider the increased risk of asthma following delivery by cesarean section. Additional statements have been formulated on pre- and probiotic agents, psychosocial factors, medications, and various nutritional components.

Revising the guideline by using an extensive evidence base has resulted not only in an endorsement of the existing recommendations, but also in modifications and in the addition of new recommendations. The updated guideline enables evidence-based and up-to-date recommendations to be made on allergy prevention.

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Abbreviations

abap:

German Action Alliance for Allergy Prevention (Aktionsbündnis Allergieprävention)

BMI:

Body mass index

CC:

Case-control study

CS:

Cohort study

CSS:

Cross-sectional studies

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

FA:

Fatty acids

FKE:

Research Institute on child nutrition

GINI:

German infant nutritional intervention

IQWiG:

Institute for Quality and Effciency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen)

MA:

Metaanalysis

MEDLINE:

Medical literature analysis and retrieval system online

PASTURE:

Protection against allergy: study in rural environments

PM:

Particulate matter

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

RCT:

Randomized controlled study

STIKO:

German Standing Commitee on Vaccination (Ständige Impfkommission)

SR:

Systematic review

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kirchplatz 3, 87509, Immenstadt, Germany

    Torsten Schäfer (Dermatological Practice)

  2. Gaißach Specialist Clinic, Berlin, Germany

    Carl-Peter Bauer

  3. Charité Allergy Center, Clinic for Pediatrics with Special Focus on Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany

    Kirsten Beyer, Susanne Lau & Ulrich Wahn

  4. Department of Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Albrecht Bufe

  5. Laurensberg, Germany

    Frank Friedrichs (Practice for Pediatric Medicine)

  6. Dermatological Clinic, Gießen and Marburg University Clinic, Gießen site, Gießen, Germany

    Uwe Gieler

  7. Blankenfelde, Germany

    Gerald Gronke (Practice for ENT Medicine)

  8. Clinic for Pediatric Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Eckard Hamelmann

  9. Therapie Schwelmer Modell GmbH, Schwelm, Germany

    Mechthild Hellermann

  10. Dermatological Center, Elbe Clinics Stade/Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany

    Andreas Kleinheinz & Jennifer Vagts

  11. Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany

    Ludger Klimek

  12. Dr. von Haunersches Children‘s Hospital, Pediatric Clinic and Pediatric Polyclinic of the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany

    Sibylle Koletzko

  13. Clinic for Pediatric Medicine, Schleswig-Holstein University Clinic, Lübeck Campus, Lübeck, Germany

    Matthias Kopp

  14. Bad Lippspringe, Germany

    Horst Müsken (Specialist Medical Practice for Allergology and Pneumology)

  15. Nutrition Counseling and Therapy with Special Focus on Allergology, Munich, Germany

    Imke Reese

  16. Kinderumwelt GmbH, Osnabruck, Germany

    Sabine Schmidt

  17. German Allergy and Asthma Association, Monchengladbach, Germany

    Sabine Schnadt

  18. Institute for Theoretical Surgery, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany

    Helmut Sitter

  19. Professional Association of German Dermatologists, Mönchengladbach, Germany

    Klaus Strömer

  20. Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Dresden, Germany

    Christian Vogelberg

  21. Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Thomas Werfel

  22. Charité Allergy Center, Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité University Hospital, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

    Margitta Worm

  23. German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies, Marburg, Germany

    Cathleen Muche-Borowski

  24. Institute for General Medicine, Hamburg-Eppendorf University Clinic, Germany, Germany

    Cathleen Muche-Borowski

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  1. Torsten Schäfer
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  2. Carl-Peter Bauer
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Correspondence to Torsten Schäfer.

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Schäfer, T., Bauer, CP., Beyer, K. et al. S3-Guideline on allergy prevention: 2014 update. Allergo J Int 23, 186–199 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-014-0022-4

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