Abstract
We collected data on parasitic prevalence and leaf-swallowing behavior of bonobos (Pan paniscus) between August 1998 and April 1999 at the Iyema research site, Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. We report the first detailed observations of leaf-swallowing among bonobos and the first record of the behavior at Iyema-Lomako. Bonobo leaf-swallowing closely fits the description of the behavior among chimpanzees. Bonobos ingested leaves of Manniophyton fulvum, as occurs in two chimpanzee populations in Central and Western Africa and among bonobos at Wamba, about 200 km from Iyema-Lomako. All leaf-swallowing occured in the rainy season. In conformity with patterns among Mahale chimpanzees, the prevalence of Oesophagostomum sp. infection in bonobos increased after the onset of the rainy season.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Anderson, R.C. (1992). Nematode parasites of vertebrates: Their development andTransmission, C.A.B. International, Walingford.
Ashford, R. W., Reid, G. D. F., and Wrangham, R. W. (2000). Intestinal parasites of the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes in Kibale Forest, Uganda. Ann. Tropic. Med. Parasitol. 94(2): 173–179.
Boesch, C. (1995). Innovation in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Int. J. Primatol. 16: 1–16.
Dupain, J., Garc´ía, P., Nell, C., Van Elsacker, L., and Ponce, F. (1999). A survey of intestinal parasites of a sympatric population of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and humans (Homosapiens) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 6.Kongress der Gesellschaft für Primatologie, Aug. 18-21, 1999, Utrecht, Netherlands, Abstract p. 71.
Dupain, J., and Van Elsacker, L. (1999). The Bonobo-in-Situ Project at the Iyema Research Site (Lomako Forest, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic Congo). In COE International Symposium on Evolution of the Apes and the Origin of the Human Beings, Nov. 18-20, 1999, Inuyama, Japan.
Hasegawa, H., Kano, T., and Mulavwa, M. (1983). A parasitological survey on the feces of pygmy chimpanzees, Pan paniscus, at Wamba, Zaire. Primates 24(3): 419–423.
Huffman, M. A. (1997). Current evidence for self-medication in primates: A multidisciplinary perspective. Yearbook Phys. Anthropol. 40: 171–200.
Huffman, M. A., and Caton, J. M. (2001). Self-induced increase of gut motility and the control of parasite infections in wild chimpanzees. Int. J. Primatol. 22: 329–346.
Huffman, M. A., Gotoh, S., Turner, L. A., Hamai, M., and Yoshida, K. (1997). Seasonal trends in intestinal nematode infection and medicinal plant use among chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates 38(2): 111–125.
Huffman, M. A., Nishida, T., and Uehara, S. (1990). Intestinal parasites and medicinal plant use in wild chimpanzees: Possible behavioral adaptation for the control of parasites. In Mahale Mountains Chimpanzee Research Project, Ecological Report No. 72, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
Huffman, M. A., Page, J. E., S hukdeo, M. V. K., Gotoh, S., Kalunde, M. S., Chandrasari, T., and Towers, G.H. N. (1996). Leaf-swallowing by chimpanzees:Abehavioral adaptation for the control of strongyle nematode infections. Int. J. Primatol. 17(4): 475–503.
Huffman, M. A., and Seifu, M. (1989). Observations on the illness and consumption of a possibly medicinal plant Vernonia amygdalina (Del.), by a wild chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates 30: 51–63.
Huffman, M. A., and Wrangham, R. W. (1994). The diversity of medicinal plant use by chimpanzees in the wild. In Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., DeWaal, F. B., and Heltne, P. G. (eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 129–148.
Idani, G., Kuroda, S., Kano, T., and Asato, R. (1994). Flora and vegetation of Wamba Forest, Central Zaire with reference to bonobo (Pan paniscus) foods. Tropics 3(3/4): 309–332.
Janzen, D. H. (1978). Complications in interpreting the chemical defenses of trees against tropical arboreal plant-eating vertebrates. In Montgomery, G. G. (ed.), The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC, pp. 73–84.
Jisaka, M., Kawanaka, M., Sugiyama, H., Takeqawa, K., Huffman, M. A., Ohigashi, H., and Koshimizu, K. (1992). Antischistosomal activities of sesquiterpene lactones and steroid glucosides from Vernonia amygdalina, possibly used by wild chimpanzees against parasite-related diseases. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56(5): 845–846.
Jisaka, M., Ohigashi, H., Takeqawa, K., Huffman, M. A., and Koshimizu, K. (1993). Antitumor and antimicrobial activities of bitter sesquiterpene lactones of Vernonia amygdalina, a possible mecidinal plant used by wild chimpanzees. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 57: 833–834.
Kawabata, M., and Nishida, T. (1991). A preliminary note on the intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates 32(2): 275–278.
Koshimizu, K., Oigashi, H., and Huffman, M. A. (1994). Use of Vernonia amygdalina by wild chimpanzee: Possible roles of its bitter and related constituents. Physiol. Behav. 56(6): 1209–1216.
Ohigashi, H., Jisaka, M., Takagaki, T., Nozaki, H., Tada, T., Huffman, M. A., Nishida, T., Kaji, M., and Koshimizu, K. (1991). Bitter principle and a related steroid glucoside from Vernonia amygdalina, a possible medicinal plant for wild chimpanzees. Agricult. Biol.Chem. 55: 1201–1203.
Ohigashi, H., Huffman, M. A., Izutsu, D., Koshimizu, K., Kawanaka, M., Sugiyama, H., Kirby, G. C., Warhurst, D. C., Allen, D., Wright, C.W., Phillipson, J. D., Timmon-David, P., Delnas, F., Elias, R., and Balansard, G. (1994). Toward the chemical ecology of medicinal plant-use in chimpanzees: The case of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.). A plant used by wild chimpanzees possibly for parasite-related diseases. J. Chem. Ecol. 20(3): 541–553.
Page, J. E., Balza, F., Nishida, T., and Towers, G.H.N. (1992). Biologically active diterpenes from Aspilia mossambicensis, a chimpanzee medicinal plant. Phytochemistry 31: 3437–3439.
Page, J. E., Hufman, M. A., Smith, V., and Towers, G. H. N. (1997). Chemical basis for Aspilia leaf-swallowing by chimpanzees: A reanalysis. J. Chem. Ecol. 23(9): 2211–2226.
Ritchie, L. S. (1948).An ether sedimentatin technique for routine stool examinations. Bull.U.S.Army Med. Dept. 8: 326.
Rodriguez, E., Aregullin, M., Nishida, T., Uehara, S., Wrangham, R. W., Abramowski, Z., Finlayson, A., and Towers, G. H. N. (1985). Thiarubrin A, a bioactive constituent of Aspilia (Asteraceae) consumed by wild chimpanzees. Experientia 41: 419–420.
Rodriguez, E., and Wrangham, R.W. (1993). Zoopharmacognosy: The use of medicinal plants by animals. In Downum, K. R., Romeo, J. T., and Stafford, H. A. (eds.), Phytochemical Potentials of Tropical Plants, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 89–105.
Towers, G. H., Abramowski, Z., Finlayson, A. J., and Zucconi, A. (1985). Antibiotic properties of thiarubrine-A, a naturally occurring dithiacyclohexadiene polyine. Planta Med. 3: 225–229.
Wrangham, R.W. (1995). Relationship of chimpanzee leaf-swallowing to a tapeworm infection.Am. J. Primatol. 37: 297–303.
Wrangham, R. W., and Goodall, J. (1989). Chimpanzee use of medicinal leaves. In Heltne, P.G., and Marguardt, L. A. (eds.), Understanding Chimpanzees, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 22–37.
Wrangham, R.W., and Nishida, T. (1983). Aspilia spp. Leaves:Apuzzlle in the feeding behavior of wild chimpanzees. Primates 24: 276–282.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dupain, J., Van Elsacker, L., Nell, C. et al. New Evidence for Leaf Swallowing and Oesophagostomum Infection in Bonobos (Pan paniscus). International Journal of Primatology 23, 1053–1062 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019697915897
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019697915897