Skip to main content
Log in

Heterosexual Male Perpetrators of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Preliminary Neuropsychiatric Model

  • Published:
Psychiatric Quarterly Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents data from a series of prelimary neuropsychiatric studies, including neuropsychological, personality, sexual history, plethysmographic and neuroimaging investigations, on a sample of 22 male, heterosexual, nonexclusive pedophiles and 24 demographically similar healthy controls. A psychobiological model of pedophilia is proposed, positing that early childhood sexual abuse leads to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the temporal regions mediating sexual arousal and erotic discrimination and the frontal regions mediating the cognitive aspects of sexual desire and behavioral inhibition. In this way, pedophiles develop deviant pedophilic arousal. Subsequently, if there is comorbid personality pathology, specifically sociopathy and cognitive distortions, there will be failure to inhibit pedophilic behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Washington, DC, APA, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Moore DS: A literature review on sexual abuse research. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 29:395, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association: AMA diagnostic and treatment guidelines concerning child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Medical Association 254:796, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Herman J: Trauma and Recovery, New York, Basic Books, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Van der Kolk B, McFarlane AC, Weisaeth L (eds.): Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body and Society, New York, Guilford Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Beck JC, Van der Kolk B: Reports of childhood incest and current behavior of chronically hospitalized psychotic women. American Journal of Psychiatry 144:1474-1476, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barnard GW, Fuller AK, Robbins L, Shaw T: The Child Molester: An Integrated Approach to Evaluation and Treatment. Bruner/Mazel Clinical Psychiatry Series, New York, NY, 1989.

  8. Araji S, Finkelhor D: Explanations of pedophilia: Review of empirical research. Bulletin of the American Academy of the Psychiatry and the Law 13:17-37, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Galynker I. Cohen J, Poznansky P, Moshkovich M, Murphy S, Watras-Gans S: Frontal lobe related cognitive functions and impulsivity in pedophilia men. Abstract of APA 152nd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, May 15-22, 1999.

  10. Goyer PF, Andreason PJ, Semple WE, Clayton AH, King AC, Schultz SC, Cohen RM: PET and personality disorders. Biological Psychiatry 29:43A-185A, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Volkow ND, Tancredi LR, Grant C, Gillespie H, Valentine A, Mullani N, Wang GJ, Hollister L: Brain glucose metabolism in violent psychiatric patients: A preliminary Study. Psychiatry Research 61:243-252, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Le Marquand DG, Young SN, Tremblay RE, Palmour RM, Benkelfat C: Tryptophan depletion, executive functions, and disinhibition in aggressive, adolescent males. Neuropsychopharmacology 19:333-341, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Seguin JR, Pihl RO, Harden PW, Tremblay RE, Boulerice B: Cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of physically aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104:614-624, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Garber B, Hartman K, Coffman JA, Golden CJ: Brain damage among mentally disordered sex offenders. Journal of Forensic Sciences 27:125-134, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hendricks SE, Fitzpatrick DF, Hartman K, Quaife MA, Stratbucker RA, Garber B: Brain structure and function in sexual molesters of children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49:108-111, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wright P, Nobrega J, Langevin R, Wortzman G: Brain density and symmetry in pedophilic and sexually aggressive offenders. Annals of Sex Research 3:319-328, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Flor-Henry P, Lang RA, Koles ZJ, Frenzel RR: Quantitative EEG studies of pedophilia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 10:253-258, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Flor-Henry P, Lang RA, Koles ZJ, Frenzel RR: Quantitative EEG studies of genital exhibitionism. Annals of Sex Research 1:50-62, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cassens G, Ford M, Lothstein L, Gallenstein T: Neuropsychological dysfunction and brain-imaging studies of paraphiles: Preliminary studies. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10:73, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Langevin R, Wortzman G, Wright P, Handy L: Studies of brain damage and dysfunction in sex offenders. Annals of Sex Research 2:163-179, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Langevin R, Wortzman G, Dickey R, Wright P, Handy L: Neuropsychological impairment in incest offenders. Annals of Sex Research 1:401-415, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  22. O'Carroll R: Aneuropsychological study of sexual deviation. Sexual and Marital Therapy 4:59-63, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Stein DJ, Hugo F, Oosthuizen P, Hawkridge SM, van Heerden B: Neuropsychiatry of hypersexuality. CNS Spectrums: The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine 5(1):36-48, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pfaus JG, Everitt BJ: The psychopharmacology of sexual behavior. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, eds., Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, New York, NY, Raven Press, 1995, pp. 743-758.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Terzian H, Dalle Ore G: Syndrome of Kluver and Bucy reproduced in man by bilateral removal of temporal lobes. Neurology 5:373-380, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lilly R, Cummings JL, Benson DF, Frankel M: The human Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Neurology 33:1141-1145, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Demerdash A, Shaalan M, Midani A, Kamel F, Bahri M: Sexual behavior of a sample of females with epilepsy. Epilepsia 32:82-85, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hucker S, Langevin I, Wortzman G, Bain J, Handy L, Chambers J, Wright S: Neuropsychological impairment in pedophiles. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 18:440-448, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Raymond NC, Coleman E, Ohlerking F, Christenson GA, Miner M: Psychiatric comorbidity in pedophilic sex offenders. Americal Journal of Psychiatry 156:786-788, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Black DW: The epidemiology and phenomenology of compulsive sexual behavior. CNS Spectrums: The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine 5(1):26-35, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Black DW, Kehrberg LLD, Flumerfelt DL, Schlosser SS: Characteristics of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:243-249, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fisher D, Beech A, Browne A: Comparison of sex offenders to non-offenders on selected psychological measures. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 43:473-491, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bridges MR, Wilson JS, Gacono CB: A Rorschach investigation of defensiveness, selfperception, interpersonal relations, and affective states in incarcerated pedophiles. Journal of Personality Assessment 70:365-385, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Marshall WL, Champagne F, Brown C, Miller S: Empathy, intimacy, Loneliness and self-esteem in nonfamilial child molesters: A brief report. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 6:87-98, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Prentky RA, Knight RA: Impulsivity in the lifestyle and criminal behavior of sexual offenders. Criminal Justice Behavior 13:141-164, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Prentky RA, Knight RA: Identifying critical dimensions for discriminating among rapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59:643-661, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gebhard PH, Gagnon JH, Pomeroy WB, et al: Sex Offenders, New York, Bantam Books, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cohen LJ, Watras-Gans S, McGeoch P, Poznansky O, Itskovich Y, Murphy S, Klein E, Cullen C, Galynker I: Impulsive-aggressive personality traits in male pedophiles: Is pedophilia an impulsiveaggressive disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 127-134, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Dorr D: Psychopathy in pedophiles: In: Millon T, Simonsen E, et al: eds., Psychopathy Antisocial, Criminal and Violent Behavior, Guilford Press, New York, NY 1998, pp. 304-320.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Virkkunen M: The pedophilic offender with antisocial character. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 53:401-405, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kafka M: Sexual impulsivity. In Hollander E, Stein D, eds., Impulsivity and Aggression, New York, Wiley, 1995, pp. 201-228.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Haywood TW, Grossman LS: Denial of deviant sexual arousal and psychopathology in child molesters, Behavior Therapy 25:327-340, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Henderson MC, Kalichman SC: Sexually deviant behavior and schizotypy: A theoretical perspective with supportive data. Psychiatric Quarterly 61:273-284, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Freund K, Watson, R, Dickey, R: Does sexual abuse in childhood cause pedophilia: An Exploratory Study. Archives of Sexual Behavior 19:557-568, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Bagley C, Wood M, Young L: Victim to abuser: Mental health and behavioral sequels of child sexual abuse in a community survey of young adult males. Child Abuse and Neglect 18:683-69, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Haywood TW, Dravitz HM, Wasyliw OE, Galberg J, Cavanaugh JL: Cycle of abuse and psychopathology in cleric and non-cleric molesters of children and adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect 20:1233-1243, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Freund K, Kuban M: The basis of the abused abuser theory of pedophilia: A further elaboration on an earlier study. Archives of sexual Behavior 23:553-563, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Worling JR: Sexual abuse histories of adolescent male sexual offenders: Differences on the basis of the age and gender of their victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104:610-613, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Knopp F, Lackey L: Female sexual abusers: A summary of data from 44 treatment providers, Orwell, Vermont, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  50. First M, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (Research version), New York, NY, Biometrics Research Dept., New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wechsler D: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Manual, New York, Harcourt, Brace, Janovich Publishers, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Milner B: Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology 9:90-100, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rezai K, Andrreasen NC, Alliger R, et al: The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex. Archives of Neurology 50:636-642, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lezak M: Neuropsychological Assessment, 2nd edn., New York, Oxford University Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bechara A, Damasio A, Damasio H, et al: Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50:7-15, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Perret E: The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior. Neuropsychology 12:323-330, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ruff RM, Light RH, Parker SB, Levin HS: Benton Controlled Oral Word Association Test: Reliability and updated norms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 11:329-338, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Benton A: Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia 6:53-60, 1968. [Oral version of word fluency test]

    Google Scholar 

  59. Millon T: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-H: Manual for the MCMI-11, 2nd edn., Minneapolis, MN, National Computer systems, Inc., 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Cloninger RC, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR: A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry 50:975-990, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cohen LJ, Kingston P, Bell A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Hollander E: Comorbid Personality impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 41:4-12, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Galynker I, Itskovich E, Nikiforov K, Klein E, Acker S, Matochik J, London E: Deviant sexual arousal in pedophilia: PET study, poster presented at the 153rd Annual American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 13-17, 2000.

  63. Galynker I, Cohen L, Nikiforov K, Acken S, Moesse T, Rosenthal R, Cullen K: Cerebral glucose metabolism and deviant sexual arousal in male pedophiles, presentation at the 154th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, LA, May 5-10, 2001.

  64. Grant S, London E, Newlin D, Villemagne V, Liu X, Contereggi C, Phillips R, Kimes A, Margolin A: Activation of memory circuits during cue elilcited cocaine crabving. Proceedings of National Academy of Science 93:12040-12045, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Sokoloff L, Kuhl DE: Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolism rate in humans with (F-18) fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method. Annals of Neurology 6:371-388, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Reivich M, Kuhl D, Wolf A, Greenberg J, Phelps M, Ido T, Casella V, Fowler J, Hoffman E, Alavi A, Som P, Sokoloff L: The [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circulation Research 44:127-37, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Huang SC, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Sideris K, Selin CJ, Kuhl DE: Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. American Journal of Physiology 238:E69-E82, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Stoléru S, Grégoire M-C, Gérard D, Decety J, Lafarge E, Cinotti L, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Vernet-Maury E, Rada H, Collet C, Mazoyer B, Forrest M, Magvin F, Spira A, Comar D: Neuroantomical correlates of visually evoked sexual arousal in human males. Archives of Sexual Behavior 28:1-21, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Cohen AS, Rosen RC, Goldstein L: EEG hemispheric asymetry during sexual arousal: Psychophysiological patterns in responsive, unresponsive, and dysfunctional men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94:580-590, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Kupila J, Partanen K, Vainio P, Airaksinen J, Eronen M, Hallikainen T, Paanila J., Kinnunen I, Huttunen J: Increase in cerebral blood flow of right prefrontal cortex in man during orgasm. Neuroscience Letters 170:241-243, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Okami P, Goldberg A: Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators. Journal of Sexual Research 29:297-328, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  72. McGrath M, Cann S, Konopasky R: New measures of defensiveness, empathy and cognitive distortions for sexual offenders against children. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment 10:25-36, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Blumenthal S, Gudjonsson G, Bums, J: Cognitive distortions and blame attribution in sex offenders against adults and children. Child Abuse and Neglect 23:129-143, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Keenan T, Ward T: A theory of mind perspective on cognitive, affective and intimacy deficits in child sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment 12:49-60, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dhawan S, Marshall WL: Sexual abuse histories of sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 8:7-15, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Seghorn TK, Prentky RA, Boucher RJ: Childhood sexual abuse in the lives of sexually aggressive offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26: 262-267, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Worling JR: Adolescent sex offenders against females: Differences based on the age of their victims. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 39:276-293, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Freund K: Diagnosing homo-or heterosexuality and erotic age-reference by means of a psychophysiological test. Behavior Research Therapy 5:209-228, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Freund K: Erotic Preference in pedophilia. Behavior Research Therapy 5:339-348, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Freund K, Watson R: Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of a phallometric test: An update of “Phallometric Assessment of Pedophilia” Psychol Assessment 3:254-260, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Garavan H, Pankiewicz J, Bloom A, Cho JK, Sperry L, Ross T, Salmeron BJ, Risinger R, Kelley D, Stein EA: Cue-induced craving: Neuroanatomical specifity for drug users and drug stimuli. Am J Psychiatry 157:1789-1798, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Baxter L, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Guze BH, Schwartz JM, Salin CE: Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Archives of General Psychiatry 44:211-218, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Insel TR: Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:739-744, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Courtois CA: Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy, New York, Norton, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Briere J, Runtz M: University Males sexual intrest in children: Predicting potential indices of “pedophilia”: In a non-forensic sample. Child Abuse and Neglect 13:65-75, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Abel GG, Becker JV, Mittelman M, Cunningham-Rathner J, Rouleau JL, Murphy WD: Self-reported sex crimes of non-incarcerated paraphiliacs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2:3-25, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hare RD: The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Manual, North Tanawanda, NY, Multi-Health Systems, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Abel GG, Gore DK, Holland CL, Camp N, Becker JV, Rathner J: The measurement of the cognitive distortions of child molesters. Annals of Sex Research 2:135-152, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Bumby K: Assessing the cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists: Development and validation of the MOLEST and RAPE scales. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment 8:37-54, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cohen, L.J., Nikiforov, K., Gans, S. et al. Heterosexual Male Perpetrators of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Preliminary Neuropsychiatric Model. Psychiatr Q 73, 313–336 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020416101092

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020416101092

Navigation