Skip to main content
Log in

The Circle of the Soul: The Role of Spirituality in Health Care

  • Published:
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the critical attitude of behavioral professionals toward spiritual phenomena, and the current growing openness toward a scientific study of spirituality and its effects on health. Health care professionals work amidst sickness and suffering, and become immersed in the struggles of suffering persons for meaning and spiritual direction. Biofeedback and neurofeedback training can facilitate relaxation, mental stillness, and the emergence of spiritual experiences. A growing body of empirical studies documents largely positive effects of religious involvement on health. The effects of religion and spirituality on health are diverse, ranging from such tangible and easily understood phenomena as a reduction of health-risk behaviors in church-goers, to more elusive phenomena such as the distant effects of prayer on health and physiology. Psychophysiological methods may prove useful in identifying specific physiological mechanisms mediating such effects. Spirituality is also a dimension in much of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and the CAM arena may offer a window of opportunity for biofeedback practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. (2002). Circle of the soul: The psychophysiology of mind/body/spirit. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. Wheat Ridge, CO: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrows, K. A., & Jacobs, B. P. (2002). Mind-body medicine: An introduction and reviewof the literature. Medical Clinics of North America, 86(1), 11-31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, H. B. (1975). The relaxation response. New York: Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braud, W. G. (1990). Distant mental influence on rate of hemolysis of human red blood cells. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 84(1), 1-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brawer, P. A., Handal, P. J., Fabricatore, A. N., Roberts, R., & Wajda-Johnston, V. A. (2002). Training and education in religion/spirituality within APA accredited clinical psychology programs. American Psychologist, 33(2), 203-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. (1980). Supermind, the ultimate energy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, E. G., Rye, M. S., Brant, C. R., Emery, E., Pargament, K. I., & Riessinger, C. A. (1999). Religious coping with chronic pain. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 24(4), 249-260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, R. C. (1988). Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population. Southern Medical Journal, 81(7), 826-829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, G. W., & Partridge, K. B. (1972). Church attendance and health. Journal of Chronic Disease, 25, 665-672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, N. A., & Cummings, J. L. (2000). The essence of sychotherapy: Reinventing the art in the age of data. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dossey, L. (1993). Healing words: The power of prayer and the practice of medicine. San Francisco: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dossey, L. (1999). Reinventing medicine: Beyond mind-body to a new era of healing. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, D. M., Davis, R. B., Ettner, S., Appel, S., Wilkey, S., Van Rompay, M., & Kessler, R. C. (1998). Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: Results of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1569-1575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, D., Anchor, K. N., & Sandler, H. M. (1979). Relaxation training and prayer behavior as tension reduction techniques. Behavioral Engineering, 5(3), 81-87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehmi, L. G., & Fritz, G. (1980, Spring). Open focus: The attentional foundation of health and well being. Somatics, 24-30.

  • Fehmi, L. G., & Selzer, F. (1980). Attention and biofeedback training in psychotherapy and transpersonal growth. In S. Boorstein & K. Speeth (Eds.), Explorations in transpersonal psychotherapy (pp. 314-337). New York: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerbach, L. (1969). Das Wesen des Christentums (The essence of Christianity). Stuttgart: Reklam. (Original work published 1841)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, L. W., & Lawlis, G. F. (2001). Mosby's complementary and alternative medicine: A research based approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1928/1964). The future of an illusion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. (Original German work published 1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, E., & Green, A. (1971). On the meaning of transpersonal: Some metaphysical perspectives. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 3(1), 27-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, E., & Green, A. (1977). Beyond biofeedback. New York: Delacorte Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, E., Green, A., & Walters, D. (1970) Voluntary control of internal states: Psychological and physiological. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 2(1), 1-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. S., Gowda, M., Kolb, J. W., Strychacz, C. P., Vacek, J. L., Jones, P. G., et al. (1999). A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of remote, intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients admitted to the coronary care unit. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 2273-2278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helm, H. M., Hays, J. C., Flint, E. P., Koenig, H. G., & Blazer, D. G. (2000). Does private religious activity prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,851 older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(7), M400-M405.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1958). Varieties of religious experience. New York: Mentor. (Original work published 1902)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, W. B. (2001). Advising patients on the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26(3), 205-214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, W. B., & Levin, J. S. (Eds.). (1999). Essentials of complementary and alternative medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, W. B., Linde, K., & Walach, H. (1999). How to practice evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. In W. B. Jonas & J. S. Levin (Eds.), Essentials of complementary and alternative medicine (pp. 72-87). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and his symbols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamiya, J. (1969). Operant control of the alpha EEG rhythm. In C. Tart (Ed.), Altered states of consciousness (pp. 507-515). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kark, J. D., Shemi, G., Friedlander, Y., Martin, O., Manor, O., & Blondheim, S. H. (1996). Does religious observance promote health? Mortality in secular vs. religious kibbutzim in Israel. American Journal of Public Health, 86(3), 341-346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (1999). The healing power of faith: Science explores medicine's last great frontier. New York: Simon and Shuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (2000). Religion, spirituality, and medicine: Application to clinical practice. JAMA, 284(13), 1708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., Hays, J., Larson, D., George, L. K., Cohen, H. J., McCullough, M. E., et al. (1999). Does religious attendance prolong survival? Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences Online, 54, M370-M377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., Larson, D. B., Hays, J. C., McCullough, M. E., George, L. K., Branch, P. S. et al. (1998). Religion and survival of 1010 male veterans hospitalized with medical illness. Journal of Religion and Health, 37, 15-29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, H. H., Godfrey, C., Kirk, J., & Eisenberg, D. M. (1998). Alternative health care: Its use by individuals with physical disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(11), 1440-1447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lake, J. (2003). Alternative therapies and integrative medicine. In D. Moss, A. McGrady, T. Davies, & I. Wickramasekera (Eds.), Handbook of mind-body medicine for primary care (pp. 57-68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. B., & Larson, S. L. (1994). The forgotten factor in physical and mental health: What does the research show? An independent study seminar. Rockville, MD: National Institute for Health Care Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P. M., Sasaki, Y., & Saito, Y. (1999). Zozen and cardiac variability. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 812-821.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. S., & Vanderpool, H. Y. (1987). Is frequent religious attendance really conducive to better health? Toward an epidemiology of religion. Social Science and Medicine, 24(7), 589-600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luthe, W. (1969). Autogenic therapy (6 vs.). New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, D. A., & Friedman, H. L. (2001). The scientific study of spirituality: Philosophical and methodological considerations. Biofeedback, 29(3), 19-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (2002). Marx on religion. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1950). Self-actualizing people: A study of psychological health. Reprinted in Lowry, R. J. (Ed.). (1973). Dominance, self-esteem, self-actualization: Germinal papers of A. H. Maslow (pp. 177-201). Monterey, CA: Brookes/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55(1), 56-67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. (1992). Care of the soul: A guide for cultivating depth and sacredness in everyday life. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (1980). Transformation of self and world in Johannes Tauler's mysticism. Revision: A Journal of Knowledge and Consciousness, 3 (2), 18-26. Revised version in Valle, R., & Von Eckartsberg, R. (Eds.). (1981). The metaphors of consciousness (pp. 337-357). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (1994). Twenty-fifth anniversary yearbook. Wheat Ridge, CO: Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (1998a). Biofeedback, mind-body medicine, and the higher limits of human nature. In D. Moss (Ed.), Historical and biographical sourcebook of humanistic and transpersonal psychology (pp. 145-165). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (1998b). Humanistic and transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (2001a). Biofeedback. In S. Shannon (Ed.), Handbook of complementary and alternative therapies in mental health (pp. 135-158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. (2001b). The roots and geneology of humanistic psychology. In K. J. Schneider, J. F. T. Bugental, & J. F. Person (Eds.). The handbook of humanistic psychology (pp. 5-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Moss, D., McGrady, A., Davies, T., & Wickramasekera, I. (2003). Handbook of mind-body medicine for primary care. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newberg, A., D'Aquili, E. G., & Rause, V. (2001). Why God won't go away: Brain science and the biology of belief. New York: Ballantine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (1886/1966). Beyond good and evil. (Transl. W. Kaufmann). New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oxman, T. E., Freeman, D. H., & Manheimer, E. D. (1995). Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 5-15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palsson, O. S. (2003). Urinary incontinence. In D. Moss, A. McGrady, T. Davies, & I. Wickramasekera (Eds.), Handbook of mind-body medicine for primary care (pp. 313-322). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., Ishler, K., Dubow, E., Stanik, P., M., Rouiller, R., Crowe, P., et al. (1994). Methods of religious coping with the Gulf War: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 347-361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly persons. A 2-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1881-1885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, K. (1977). Mind as healer, mind as slayer: A holistic approach to prebenting stress disorders. New York: Delacorte Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickren, W. E. (2000). A whisper of salvation. American psychologists and religion in the popular press, 1884-1908. American Psychologist, 55, 1022-1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plant, T. G. (1999). A collaborative relationship between professional psychology and the Roman Catholic Church: A case example and suggested principles for success. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(6), 541-546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Post, S. G., Puchalski, C., & Larson, D. (2000). Physicians and patient spirituality: Professional boundaries, competence, and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132, 578-583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quiller-Couch, A. (Ed.). (1939). The Oxford book of English verse, 1250-1918. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Positive social science. American Psychological Association Monitor, 29, 2, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihaly, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, F., Malone, E., Callahan, C., & Lipps, A. (2001). Is prayer relaxing? Abstract. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26(3), 246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simkins, C. A., & Simkins, A. (1999). Simple Taoism: A guide to living in the balance. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, R. P., & Bagiella, E. (2002). Claims about religious involvement and health outcomes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 14-21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, R. P., Bagiella, E., & Powell, T. (1999). Religion, spirituality and medicine. Lancet, 353(9153), 664-667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloat, D. (1986). The dangers of growing up in a Christian home. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, D. S. (2000). Mind matters, money matters: The cost effectiveness of mind/body medicine. JAMA, 284(13), 1705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism (Rev. Ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, W. E. (1995). Biofeedback benefits patients with stress and urge incontinence. National Psychologist, 8B, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whorton, J. C. (1999). The history of complementary and alternative medicine. In W. B. Jonas & J. S. Levin (Eds.), Essentials of complementary and alternative medicine (pp. 16-30). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasekera, I. (2003). The placebo effect and its use in biofeedback therapy. In D. Moss, A. McGrady, T. Davies, & I. Wickramasekera (Eds.), Handbook of mind-body medicine for primary care (pp. 69-81). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, D. P., & Cram, J. R. (1994). The psychophysiology of non-traditional prayer. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 41(1-4), 68-75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moss, D. The Circle of the Soul: The Role of Spirituality in Health Care. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 27, 283–297 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013502426

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013502426

Navigation