Abstract
Three commercially available pharmacophore generation programs, Catalyst/HipHop, DISCO and GASP, were compared on their ability to generate known pharmacophores deduced from protein-ligand complexes extracted from the Protein Data Bank. Five different protein families were included Thrombin, Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2, Dihydrofolate Reductase, HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Thermolysin. Target pharmacophores were defined through visual analysis of the data sets. The pharmacophore models produced were evaluated qualitatively through visual inspection and according to their ability to generate the target pharmacophores. Our results show that GASP and Catalyst outperformed DISCO at reproducing the five target pharmacophores.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gund P., In Güner, O.F (Ed.) Pharmacophore Perception, Development, and Use in Drug Design, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000, pp. 3–11.
Güner, O.F (Ed.) Pharmacophore Perception, Development, and Use in Drug Design, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000.
Martin, Y.C., In Güner, O.F (Ed.) Pharmacophore Perception, Development, and Use in Drug Design, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000, pp. 49–68.
Martin, Y.C., Bures, M.G., Danaher, E.A., DeLazzer, J., Lico, I. And Pavlik, P.A., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 7 (1993) 83.
Barnum, D., Greene, J., Smellie, A. and Sprague, P., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 36 (1996) 563.
Clement, O.O. and Mehl, A.T., In Güner, O.F (Ed.) Pharmacophore Perception, Development, and Use in Drug Design, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000, pp. 69–84.
Greene, J., Kahn, S., Savoj, H., Sprague, P. and Teig, S., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 34 (1994) 1297.
Smellie, A., Teig, S.L. and Towbin, P., J. Comp. Chem., 16 (1995) 171.
Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. In: Güner, O.F (Ed.) Pharmacophore Perception, Development, and Use in Drug Design, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000, pp. 85–106.
Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 9 (1995) 532.
The GASP manual. Tripos Inc. 1699 South Hanley Road, St. Louis, MO 63144-2913, US.
Banner, D.W. and Hadváry, P., J. Bio. Chem., 266 (1991) 20085.
Mathews, I.I., Padmanabhan, K.P. and Tulinsky, A., Biochemistry, 33 (1994) 13547.
Chen, Z., Li, Y., Mulichak, A.M., Lewis, S.D. and Shafer, J.A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 322 (1995) 198.
Katz, B.A., Clark, J.M., Finer-Moore, J.S., Jenkins, T.E., Johnson, C.R., Ross, M.J., Luong, C., Moore, W.R., and Stroud, R.M., Nature, 39 (1998) 608.
Lyle, T.A., Chen, Z., Appleby, S.D., Freidinger, R.M., Gardell, S.J., Lewis, S.D., Li, Y., Lyle, E.A., Lynch Jr., J.J., Mulichak A.M., Ng, A.S., Naylor-Olsen, A.M. and Sanders, W.M., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters, 7 (1997) 67.
Krishnan, R., Zhang, E., Hakansson, K., Arni, R.K., Tulinsky, A., Lim-Wilby, M.S.L., Levy, O.E., Semple, J.E. and Brunck, T.K., Biochemistry, 37 (1998) 12094.
Wagner, J., Kallen, J., Ehrhardt, C., Evenou, J.-P. and Wagner, D., J. Med. Chem., 41 (1998) 3664.
Conti, E., Rivetti, C., Wonacott, A. and Brick, P., FEBS Letters, 425 (1998) 229.
Jhoti, H., Cleasby, A., Reid, S., Thomas, P.J., Weir, M. and Wonacott, A., Biochemistry, 38 (1999) 7969.
Jeffrey, P. D., Russo, A. A., Polyak, K., Gibbs, E., Hurwitz, J., Massague, J., and Pavletich, N.P., Nature, 376 (1995) 313.
Lawrie, A. M., Noble, M. E., Tunnah, P., Brown, N. R., Johnson, L. N. and Endicott, J. A., Nat. Struct. Biol., 4 (1997) 796.
Shewchuk, L., Hassell, A., Wisely, B., Rocque, W., Holmes, W., Veal, J. and Kuyper, L. F., J. Med. Chem., 43 (2000) 133.
Arris, C. E., Boyle, F. T., Calvert, A. H., Curtin, N. J., Endicott, J. A., Garman, E. F., Gibson, A. E., Golding, B. T., Grant, S., Griffin, R. J., Jewsbury, P., Johnson, L. N., Lawrie, A. M., Newell, D. R., Noble, M. E. M., Sausville, E. A., Schultz, R. and Yu, W., J. Med.Chem., 43 (2000) 2797.
Davis, S. T., Benson, B. G., Bramson, H. N., Chapman, D. E., Dickerson, S. H., Dold, K. M., Eberwein, D. J., Edelstein, M., Frye, S. V., Gampe Jr. R. T., Griffin, R. J., Harris, P. A., Hassell, A. M., Holmes, W. D., Hunter, R. N., Knick, V. B., Lackey, K., Lovejoy, B., Luzzio, M. J., Murray, D., Parker, P., Rocque, W. J. and Shewch, L., Science, 291 (2001) 134.
Oefner, C., D'Arcy, A. and Winkler, F.K., Eur. J. Biochem., 174 (1988) 377. 681
Davies, J.F., Delcamp, T.J., Predergast, N.J., Ashford, V.A., Freisheim, J.H. and Kraut, J. Biochemistry, 29 (1990) 9467.
Lewis, W.S., Cody, V., Galitsky, N., Luft, J.R., Pangborn, W., Chunduru, S.K., Spencer, H.T., Appleman, J.R. and Blakley, R.L., J. Bio. Chem.,270 (1995) 5057.
Cody, V., Galitsky, N., Luft., J.R., Pangborn, W., Rosowsky, A. and Blakley, R.L., Biochemistry, 36 (1997) 13897.
Gangjee, A., Vidwans, A.P., Vasudevan, A., Queener, S.F., Kisliuk, R.L., Cody, V., Li, R., Galitsky, N., Luft, J.R., and Pangborn, W., J. Med. Chem., 41 (1998) 3426.
Hsiou, Y., Das, K., Ding, J., Clark Jr., A.D., Kleim, J-P., Rösner, M.,, Winkler, I., Riess, G., Hughes S.H. and Arnold, E., J. Mol. Biol., 284 (1998) 313.
Ren, J., Diprose, J., Warren, J., Esnouf, R.M., Bird, L.E., Ikemizu, S., Slater, M., Milton, J., Balzarini, J., Stuart, D.I. and Stammers, D.K., J. Biol. Chem., 275 (2000) 5633.
Esnouf, R.M., Ren J., Hopkins, A.L., Ross, C.K. Jones, E.Y., Stammers, D.K. and Stuart, D.I., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94 (1997) 3984.
Hopkins, A.L., Ren, J., Esnouf, R.M., Willcox, B.E., Jones, E.Y., Ross, C., Miyasaka, T., Walker, R.T., Tanaka, H., Stammers, D.K. and Stuart, D.I., J. Med. Chem., 39 (1996) 1589.
Ren, J., Esnouf, R.M., Hopkins, A.L., Jones, E.Y., Kirby, I., Keeling, J., Ross, C.K., Larder, B.A., Stuart, D.I. and Stammers, D.K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95 (1998) 9518.
Ren, J., Esnouf, R.M., Hopkins, A.L., Warren, J., Balzarini, J., Stuart, D.I. and Stammers, D.K., Biochemistry, 37 (1998) 14394.
Das, K., Ding, J., Hsiou, Y., Clark Jr., A.D., Moereels, H., Koymans, L., Andries, K., Pauwels, R., Janssen, P.A.J., Boyer, P.L., Clark, P. Smith Jr. R.H., Kroeger Smith, M.B., Michejda, C.J., Hughes, S.H. and Arnold, E., J. Mol. Biol., 264 (1996) 1085.
Ren, J., Nichols, C., Bird, L.E., Fujiwara, T., Sugimoto, H., Stuart, D.I. and Stammers, D.K., J. Biol. Chem., 275 (2000) 14316.
Ren, J., Milton, J., Weaver, K. L., Short, S. A., Stuart, D. I., and Stammers, D. K., Structure, 8 (2000) 1089.
Ren, J.S., Esnouf, R., Garman, E., Somers, D., Ross, C., Kirby, I., Keeling, J., Darby, G., Jones, Y., Stuart, D., and Stammers, D., Nat. Struct. Biol., 2 (1995) 293.
Hausrath, A.C. and Matthews, B.W., J. Biol. Chem., 269 (1994) 18839.
Gaucher, J.F., Selkti, M., Tiraboschi, G., Prangé, T., Roques, B. P., Tomas, A. and Fournié-Zaluski, M.C., Biochemistry, 38 (1999) 12569.
Marchand-Geneste, N., Watson, K.A., Alsberg, B.K. and King, R.D., J. Med. Chem., 45 (2002) 399.
Holmes, M.A., and Matthews, B.W., Biochemistry, 20 (1981) 6912.
Holmes, M.A., Tronrud, D.E., and Matthews, B.W., Biochemistry, 22 (1983) 236.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patel, Y., Gillet, V.J., Bravi, G. et al. A comparison of the pharmacophore identification programs: Catalyst, DISCO and GASP. J Comput Aided Mol Des 16, 653–681 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021954728347
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021954728347