Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Efficacy, Safety, and Practicality of Treatments for Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Studies examining interventions for adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were reviewed to evaluate their efficacy. These efficacy findings were supplemented with a preliminary system for judging safety and practicality. Results suggest that the stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH) is safe and well-established empirically, but has some problems with inconvenience and noncompliance. Preliminary research supports the efficacy, safety, and practicality of some psychotherapeutic interventions, including behavioral classroom interventions, note-taking training, and family therapy. Treatment with tricyclic antidepressants was judged to have minimal empirical support and debatable safety. Very little is known about long-term effectiveness of treatments, long-term compliance, or multimodal treatments for adolescents such as stimulants plus behavior therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adams, L., & Wallace, J. L. (1994). Residential treatment for the ADHD adolescent substance abuser. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 4(1), 35-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baren, M. (1994). Managing ADHD. Contemporary Pediatrics, 11(December), 29-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1995). Linkages between attention and executive functions. In Lyon, G. R., & Krasnegor, N. A. (Eds.), Attention, Memory and Executive Function (pp. 307-325).

  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., & Fletcher, K. E. (1992a). Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity dosorder: Mother-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conlicts, and maternal psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(3), 263-288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Guevremont, D. C., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Fletcher, K. E. (1992b). A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 450-462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., McMurray, M. B., Edelbrock, C. S., & Robbins, K. (1990). Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 86, 184-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., & Steingard, R. (1989). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 19(11), 587-596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. T., & Borden, K. A. (1986). Hyperactivity at adolescence: Some misconceptions and new directions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15(3), 194-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. T., & Ievers, C. E. (1999). Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatment outcome research in pediatric populations. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 6(1), 1999.

  • Cantwell, D. P. (1986). Attention deficit disorder in adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 237-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., Swanson, J., & Connor, D. F. (1997). Case study: Adverse response to clondine. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 539-544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlberg, C., & Kavale, K. (1980). The efficacy of special versus regular class placement for exceptional children: A metaanalysis. Journal of Special Education, 14(3), 295-309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, P. B., Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L., Lynch, K. A., Schultz, R., Arnsten, A., Leckman, j. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome: Preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1140-1146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clampit, M. K., & Pirkle, J. B. (1983). Stimulant medication and the hyperactive adolescent: Myths and facts. Adolescence, 18(72), 811-822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1985). Issues in the study of adolescent ADD-H/ hyperactivity. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21(2), 243-250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field settings. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon, G. (1988). Legal pressure in therapeutic communities. In Leukefeld, C. G., & Tims, F. (Eds.), Compulsory treatment of drug abuse: Research and clinical practice (pp. 160-177).Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dendy, C. A. Z. (1996). Teenagers with ADD: A parents guide. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54(9), 755-764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupaul, G. J., Anastopoulous, A. D., Kwasnik, D., Barkley, R. A., & McMurray, M. B. (1996). Methylphenidate effects on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Selfreport of symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1, 3-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ervin, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., Kern, L., & Friman, P. C. (1998). Classroom-based functional and adjunctive assessments: Proactive approaches to intervention selection for adolescence with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 65-78.

  • Evans, S. E., Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Grudburg, M. V. (1994a). The efficacy of notetaking to improve behavior and comprehension of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exceptionality, 5(1), 1-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. E., Vallano, G., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (1995). Attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. In VanHasselt, V. B., & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychopathology (pp. 589-617). New York: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. W., Vallano, G., & Pelham, W. (1994b). Treatment of parenting behavior with a psychostimulant: A case study of an adult with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4(1), 63-69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faigel, H. C., Sznajderman, S., Tishby, O., Turel, M., & Pinus, U. (1995). Attention-deficit disorder during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 16, 174-184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., Sverd, J., Sprafkin, J., Nolan, E. E., & Ezor, S. N. (1995). Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Archives of General Psychology, 52(6), 444-455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammon, G. D., & Brown, T. (1993). Fluoxetine and methylphenidate in combination for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid depresssive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 3(1), 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. J. (1998). Pharmacotherapy of adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Challenges, choices, and caveats. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12(4), 385-395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., & Slanetz, P. J. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(14), 1100-1107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, L. L. (1992). Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15(1), 1-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (1998). Multisystemic treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. (1991). Stimulant medication and the treatment of aggression in children with attentional deficits. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20(3), 301-312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (1994). Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K., Kelleher, K. J., Feil, M., & Comer, D. M. (2000). Treatment services for children with ADHD: A national perspective. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 198-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R. L., Cavanaugh, E. R., Craddock, S. G., & Rachal, J. V. (1985). Characteristics, behaviors, and outcomes for the youth in TOPS. In Friedman, A. S., & Beschner, G. M. (Eds.), Treatment services for adolescent substance abusers (pp. 49-65). Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., Jr., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J., & Pickrel, S. G. (2000). Mechanisms of change in multisystemic therapy: Reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 451-467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Kettle, L., Roper, M. T., Sloan, M. T., Dulcan, M. K., Hoven, C., Bird, H. R., Bauermeister, J. J., & Payne, J. D. (1999). Are stimulants overprescribed? Treatment of ADHD in four U.S. communities. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(7), 797-804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1990). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 21-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latimer, W. W., Winters, K. C., & Stinchfield, R. D. (1997). Screening for drug abuse among adolescents in clinical and correctional settings using the Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 23(1), 79-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinthal, C. F. (1999). Drugs, behavior, and modern society. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 48(2), 1181-1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(6), 497-523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loney, J., & Milich, R. (1982). Hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression in clinical practice. In Wolraich, M., & Routh, D. K. (Eds.), Advances in Behavioral Pediatrics (Vol. 2, pp. 1-41). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonigan, C. J., Elbert, J. C., & Johnson, S. B. (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial interventions for children: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 138-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Konig, P. H., & Giampino, T. L. (1990). Childhood predictors of psychiatric status in the young adulthood of hyperactive boys: A study controlling chance associations. In Robins, L. N., Rutter, M., et al. (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 279-299). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord, J. (1978). A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects. American Psychologist, 33(3), 284-289.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFall, R. M. (2000). Elaborate reflections on a simple manifesto. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 9, 5-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D., Pelham, W., Gnagy, B., Smith, B., & Buckstein, O. (1999). Effects of methylphenidate on parent-adolescent interactions in families with an ADHD teenager [poster]. Toronto: Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, G. B. (1993). A rational-emotive treatment program with conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder adolescents. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy, 11(3), 123-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • MTA Collaborative Group. (1999). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073-1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr. (1993). Pharmacotherapy for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 22(2), 199-227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W.E., Jr. (1999). The NIMHMultimodal Treatment Study for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Just say yes to drugs alone? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(10), 981-990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Gnagy, E. M. (1999). Psychosocial and combined treatments for ADHD. Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(3), 225-236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., Greenslade, K., Vodde-Hamilton, M., Murphy, D. A., Greenstein, J., Gnagy, E. M., Guthrie, K. J., Hoover, M. D., & Dahl, R. E. (1990). Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustainedrelease methylphenidate, sustatined-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics, 86(2), 226-237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Milich, R. (1991). Individual differences in response to Ritalin in classwork and social behavior. In Greenhill, L., & Osman, B. P. (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and patient management (pp. 203-221). New York: MaryAnn Libert, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Smith, B. H. (1998). Prediction and measurement of individual responses to Ritalin by children and adolescents with ADHD. In Greenhill, L., & Osman, B. B. (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and patient management (2nd ed.). New York: Mary Anne Liebert, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Jr., Wheeler, T., & Chronis, A. (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 190-205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R. (1991). Antidepressants in the treatment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20(3), 313-320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1997). Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(1), 7-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rey, J. M. (1994). Comorbidity between disruptive disorders and depression in referred adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 106-113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, P. D. (1998). Clinical approach to treatment of ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorders and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(3), 331-332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, P. D., Thompson, L. L., Mikulich, S. K., Whitmore, E. A., et al. (1996). An open trial of pemoline in drug-dependent delinquents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(8), 1018-1024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, A. L. (1998). ADHD in adolescents: Diagnosis and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D., Jody, D., & Lieberman, J. A. (1991). Provocative tests with methylphenidate in schizophrenia and schizoprenia spectrum disorders. In Greenhill, L. L., & Osman, B. B. (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and patient management (pp. 309-320). New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush, T. V. (1979). Predicting treatment outcomes for juvenile and young-adult clients in the Pennsylvania substance-abuse system. In Beschner, G. M., & Friedman, A. S. (Eds.), Youth drug abuse: Problems, issues, and treatment (pp. 629-656). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, M. F., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(3), 199-221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., & Krager, J. M. (1994). The increased rate of stimulant treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students in secondary schools. Pediatrics, 94(4), 462-464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., Zito, J. M., & Fine, E. M. (1996). Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the 1990's. Pediatrics, 98, 1084-1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W. R., Montgomery, L. M., Wilson, P., Wilson, M. R., Bright, I., & Okwumabua, T. (1993). Effects of family and marital psychotherapies: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 992-1002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, M., & Hertzig, M. E. (1991). Prescribing practices of ritalin: The Suffolk County, New York study. In Greenhill, L. L., & Osman, B. B. (Eds.), Ritalin: Theory and patient management (pp. 187-193). New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, M. T., Jensen, P., & Kettle, L. (1999). Assessing the services for children with ADHD: Gaps and opportunities. Journal of Attention Disorders, 3(1), 13-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H., Pelham, W. E., Evans, S., Gnagy, E., Molina, B., Bukstein, O., Greiner, A., Myak, C., Presnell, M., & Willoughby, M. (1998a). Dosage effects of methylphenidate on the social behavior of adolescents diagnosed with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6(2), 187-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Evans, S. E., Gnagy, E. M., Molina, B., Bukstein, O., Myak, C., Greiner, A. R., Presnell, M., & Willoughby, M. (1998b). Dosage effects of methylphenidate on the social behavior of adolescents with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 187-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E., Molina, B., & Evans, S. (2000). The reliability, validity, and unique contributions of self-report by adolescents receiving treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 489-499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Kerman, K., Steingard, R., & Wilens, T. (1993). Desipramine treatment of children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 345-360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Harding, M., O'Donnell, D., Faraone, S. V., & Wilens, T. E. (1996a). Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: Evidence for disorder-associated growth delays. Journal of the American Academy ofChild and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1460-1469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., Harding, B. A., O'Donnell, D., & Griffin, B. A. (1996b). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(4), 409-432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (1990). Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology. Development & Psychopathology, 2(4), 335-347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 17-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. G., & McLaughlin, T. F. (1992). Self-recording: Effects on reducing off-task behavior with a high school student with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 14(3), 53-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Christian, D. L., & Wigal, T. (1995). Stimulant medications and the treatment of children with ADHD. In Ollendick, T. H., & Prinz, R. J. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology. (Vol. 17, pp. 265-322). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari, P., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: Findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Allied Disciplines, 30(2), 205-217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannock, R. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 39(1), 65-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teeter, P. A. (1998). Interventions for ADHD: Treatment in developmental context. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosyali, M. C., & Greenhill, L. L. (1998). Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Important developmental issues. Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 45(5), 1021-1035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J., Varley, C. K., & Leger, P. (1990). Effects of methylphenidate on early adolescent growth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(4), 501-502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waschbusch, D. A., Kipp, H. L., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (1998). Generalization of behavioral and psychostimulant treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Discussion and examples. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36(7-8), 675-694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. T. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Hawley, K. M. (1998). Finding, evaluating, refining, and applying empirically supported treatments for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 206-216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Alicke, M. D., & Klotz, M. L. (1987). Effectiveness of Psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Ameta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 542-549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wender, E. H. (1995). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in adolescence. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(3), 192-195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S. (1995). Resolved: Cardiac arrythmias make desipramine and unacceptable choice in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1239-1241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolraich, M., Lindgren, S., Stromquist, A., Davis, C., Milich, R., & Watson, D. (1990). Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by primary care physicians. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 144(4), 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wroblewski, B. A., Leary, J. M., Phelan, A. M., Whyte, J., & Manning, K. (1992). Methylphenidate and seizure frequency in brain injured patients with seizure disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 86-89.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA

    Bradley H. Smith (Assistant Professor)

  2. Dalhouse University, USA

    Daniel A. Waschbusch (Assistant Professor)

  3. Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, USA

    Michael T. Willoughby

  4. Department of Psychology, James Madison University, USA

    Steven Evans (Associate Professor)

Authors
  1. Bradley H. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel A. Waschbusch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael T. Willoughby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Steven Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, B.H., Waschbusch, D.A., Willoughby, M.T. et al. The Efficacy, Safety, and Practicality of Treatments for Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 3, 243–267 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026477121224

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026477121224

Search

Navigation