Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.85

Abstract. Since its first publication in 1998, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used repeatedly to measure implicit attitudes and other automatic associations. Although there have also been a few studies critical of the IAT, there now exists substantial evidence for the IAT's convergent and discriminant validity, including new evidence reported in several of the articles in this special issue. IAT attitude measures have often correlated only weakly with explicit (self-report) measures of the same associations. It therefore seems appropriate to conclude that the IAT assesses constructs that are often (but not always) distinct from the corresponding constructs measured by self-report.


Die Gesundheit des Implicit Association Test im Alter von drei Jahren

Zusammenfassung. Seit seiner ersten Publikation im Jahr 1998 wurde der Implicit Association Test (IAT) wiederholt eingesetzt, um implizite Einstellungen und andere automatische Assoziationen zu messen. Obwohl es auch einige für den IAT kritische Studien gibt, liegt heute substantielle Evidenz für seine konvergente und diskriminierende Validität vor. Dazu zählen auch einige der Arbeiten, die in diesem Sonderheft berichtet werden. Mit dem IAT gemessene Einstellungen korrelieren häufig nur schwach mit expliziten (selbst-berichteten) Messungen derselben Assoziationen. Es scheint daher angemessen, davon auszugehen, daß der IAT Konstrukte erfasst, die sich häufig (aber nicht immer) von entsprechenden mit Selbstberichten gemessenen Konstrukten unterscheiden

Literatur

  • Banse, R., Seise, J., Zerbes, N.(2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, (this issue), 145– 160 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., Pennebaker, J. W.(2000). Stalking the perfect measure of self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisted?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631– 643 First citation in articleCrossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., Messner, C.(in press). How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brunel, F. F., Collins, C. M., Greenwald, A. G., Tietje, B. C.(1999, October). Making the private public, accessing the inaccessible: Marketing applications of the Implicit Association Test. Paper presented at meetings of the Association for Consumer Research, Columbus, Ohio.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chee, M. W. M., Sriram, N., Soon, C. S., Lee, K. M.(2000). Doroslateral prefrontal cortex and the implicit association of concepts and attributes.. NeuroReport, 11, 135– 140 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., Banaji, M. R.(in press). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity.. Psychological Science, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dasgupta, N., Greenwald, A. G.(in press). Exposure to admired group members reduces automatic intergroup bias.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R.(2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316– 328 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • De Houwer, J.(in press). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., Kardes, F. R.(1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229– 238 First citation in articleCrossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., Mellott, D. S.(in press). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.. Psychological Review, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Greenwald, A. G.,, Farnham, S. D.(2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022– 1038 First citation in articleCrossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., Schwartz, J. L. J.(1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464– 1480 First citation in articleCrossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Haines, E. L.(1999). Elements of a Social Power Schema: Gender Standpoint, Self-Concept, and Experience.. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Karpinski, A., Hilton, J. L.(in press). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kim, D-Y., Greenwald, A. G.(1998, May). Voluntary controllability of implicit cognition: can implicit attitudes be faked?. Paper presented at meetings of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kuehnen, U., Schiessl, M., Bauer, N., Paulig, N., Poehlmann, C., Schmidthals, K.(2001). How robust is the IAT? Measuring and manipulating implicit attitudes of East- and West-Germans.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48 , (this issue), 135– 144 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., Bruin, R.(in press). The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes.. Polish Psychological Bulletin., First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Marsh, K. L., Johnson, B. T., Scott-Sheldon, L. A. L.(2001). Heart versus reason in condom use: Implicit versus explicit attitudinal predictors of sexual behavior.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48 , (this issue), 161– 175 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • McConnell, A. R.,, Leibold, J. M.(in press). Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mellott, D. S., Cunningham, W. A., Rudman, L. A., Banaji, M. R., Greenwald, A. G.(2001). Do the IAT and Priming Measure the Same Construct? Evidence for the Convergence of Implicit Measures.. University of Washington. Unpublished manuscript.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mierke, J., Klauer, K. C.(2001). Implicit association measurement with the IAT: Evidence for effects ofexecutive control processes.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie,, 48, (this issue), 107– 122 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R.(2000). Multitudes of Attitudes: Automatic Evaluation of Multiply Categorizable Targets.. Manuscript submitted for publication.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nosek, B., Banaji, M. R., Greenwald, A. G.(in press). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website.. Group Dynamics, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nosek, B., Banaji, M. R., Greenwald, A. G.(2000). Math = Male, Me = Female, Therefore Math ≠ Me.. Manuscript submitted for publication. Yale University, New Haven, CT.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ottaway, S. A., Hayden, D. C., Oakes, M. A.(in press). Implicit attitudes and racism: effect of word familiarity and frequency on the Implicit Association Test.. Social Cognition, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Gatenby, J. C., Funayama, E. S., Gore, J. C., Banaji, M. R.(2000). Amygdala activation predicts performance on indirect measures of racial bias.. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 729– 738 First citation in articleCrossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Rothermund, K., Wentura, D.(2001). Figure-ground asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, (this issue), 94– 106 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M.(1999). Implicit and Explicit Prejudice and Stereotypes: A Continuum Model of Intergroup Orientation Assessment.. Manuscript submitted for publication.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rudman, L. A.,, Glick, P.(in press). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women.. Journal of Social Issues, First citation in articleMedlineGoogle Scholar

  • Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E.(in press). Self-esteem and gender identity are manifest in implicit gender stereotypes.. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., McGhee, D. E.(1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test.. Social Cognition, 17, 437– 465 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rudman, L. A.,, Kilianski, S. E.(2000). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority.. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1315– 1328 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sriram, N., Lee, I.(1999). The Multiplicative Effects of Context Switching, Congruity, Predictability, and Dominance in Speeded Semantic Classification.. Unpublished manuscript, National University of Singapore.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Steffens, M. C.,, Plewe, I.(2001). Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, (this issue), 123– 134 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Swanson, J. E., Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G.(in press). Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behavior.. Cognition and Emotion., First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P., Woody, S. R.(in press). Implicit associations of fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Teachman, B. A.,, Woody, S. R.(2001). Schematic Processing Among Individuals with Spider Phobia: Change in Implicit Fear Associations Following Treatment.. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar