Abstract
Norway has an advanced welfare system that aims to ensure the equality and well-being of its citizens. The United Nations Human Development Index has for the past ten years ranked Norway as “the best country to live in” (United Nations 2012).1 National and international media celebrate Norway as the “professional women’s paradise” (Bergens Tidene 2008) and “the best place to be a mother” (Save the Children 2012); universal kindergarten coverage, generous parental leave schemes and a family-friendly labor market enable the reconciliation of work and family life. Despite the existing flexible welfare arrangements, an increasing number of Norwegian families are turning to private solutions and hire au pairs to assist them in childcare and housework. As a result, Norway has, since the beginning of 2000, become a receiving country for au pairs from around the world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aftenposten, 2013. Herskap og tjenere, April 24. Available at http://www.aftenposten.no, accessed August 8, 2013.
Anderson, B. 2000. Doing the Dirty Work. London and New York: Zed Books.
Anderson, B. 2002. “Just another Job? The Commodification of Domestic Labor”, in B. Ehrenreich and A. R. Hochschild (eds), Global Woman. Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, 104–114. New York: Metropolitan/Owl Books.
Bergens Tidene. 2008. Yrkeskvinnenes Paradis (Professional Women’s Paradise), October 28. Available at http://www.bt.no, accessed May 22, 2010.
Bergens Tidene. 2013. Derfor har jeg au pair, April 30. Available at: http://www.bt.no, accessed August 8, 2013.
Bertelsen, M. 2007. Au pair-ordningen i søkelyset. Masteravhandling i rettssosiologi om au pair ordningen i Norge. Institutt for kriminologi og rettssosiologi. Juridisk fakultet, University of Oslo.
Bikova, M. 2008. Au pair. A Family Member or a Family Servant? Why Norwegian Families Hire Au Pairs? A Qualitative Study. Master’s Thesis in Sociology, University of Bergen.
Brennpunkt. 2013. Herskap og tjenere, April 23. Available at: http://tv.nrk.no, accessed August 7, 2013.
Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES). 2012. Yearbook of Labor Statistics. Manila: Department of Labor and Employment.
Calleman, C. 2011. “Cultural Exchange or Cheap Domestic Labor? Construction of ‘Au Pair’ in Four Nordic Countries”, in L. W. Isaksen (ed.), Global Care Work: Gender and Migration in Nordic Societies, 69–96. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Choy, C. G. 2003. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. United States: Durham NC and Manila: Duke University Press and Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO). 2009. Commission on Filipinos Overseas. Stock Estimates 2009. Available at: http://www.cfo.gov.ph, accessed June 27, 2012.
Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO). 2011. Commission on Filipinos Overseas. Available at: http://www.cfo.gov.ph, accessed June 27, 2012.
Constable, N. 2007. Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Council of Europe. 1969. The European Agreement on “Au Pair” Placement. Strasbourg October 24, 1969.
Cox, R. 2006. The Servant Problem. Domestic Employment in a Global Economy. London, New York: I. B. Taurus.
Cox, R. 2007. “The Au Pair Body: Sex Object, Sister or Student?”, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14 (3): 281–296.
EFTA. 2014. European Economic Area. Available at: http://www.efta.int/eea, accessed March 5, 2014.
Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. 2002. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: A Metropolitan/Owl Books.
Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Guevarra, A. R. 2010. Marketing Dreams, Manufacturing Heroes: The Transnational Labor Brokering of Filipino Workers. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Hemsing, G. 2003. Fra au pair — til underparti. Norske au pairer — mellom roller og stereotyper. Hovedfagsoppgave i folkloristikk. Institutt for kulturstudier: University of Oslo.
Hochschild, A. R. 2000. “The Nanny Chain”, The American Prospect, 11 (4): 32–36.
Hovdan, M. 2005. Au Pair in Norway: A Qualitative Study. Master’s Thesis in Sociology, University of Bergen.
Hushjelpsforskriften (Domestic Work Regulations) 2002. Forskrift av 5.juli 2002 nr. 716 om husarbeid, tilsyn og pleie i privat arbeidsgivers hjem eller hushold.
Løvdal, L. 2012. Au pairer i Norge. Rettigheter og rettighetsinformasjon. JURK.
Lutz, H. (ed.). 2008. Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme. Hampshire and Burlington: Ashgate.
Ministry of Justice and Public Security. 2013. Trygghet for au pairer i Norge. Available at: http://www.regjeringen.no, accessed August 8, 2013.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2007. Au Pair. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed November 3, 2012.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2010. Tallogfakta 2009. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed May 5, 2012.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2011. Tallogfakta 2010. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed April 23, 2012.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2012a. Tallogfakta 2011. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed June 20, 2012.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2012b. Au pair. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed November 29, 2012.
Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. 2014. About UDI. Available at: http://www.udi.no, accessed March 6, 2014.
Øien, C (2009) On Equal Terms? An Evaluation of the Norwegian Au Pair Scheme. Oslo: FAFO.
POEA. 2012. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Available at: http://www.poea.gov.ph, accessed November 3, 2012.
Rodriguez, R. M. 2010. Migrants for Export: How the Philippine State Brokers Labor to the World. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press.
Save the Children. 2012. Annual State of the World’s Mothers Report. Available at: http://www.savethechildren.org, accessed November 29, 2012.
Sollund, R. 2010. “Regarding Au Pairs in the Norwegian Welfare State”, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 17 (2): 143–160.
Stenum, H. 2011a. Migration Management and the Migrants. Transnationalized and Localized Government of Marginalized Migrants in Demark: Au pairs and Destitute EU Citizens. SPIRIT PhD-series. Thesis no. 26, Alborg University.
Stenum, H. 2011b. Abused Domestic Workers in Europe: The Case of Au Pairs. European Parliament. Directorate General for Internal Policies.
The World Bank. 2014. Migration and Remittances Data: Annual Remittances Data — Inflows. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org, accessed March 6, 2014.
United Nations. 2012. Human Development Report 2011. Sustainability and Equality: A Better Future for All. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org, accessed November 29, 2012.
Williams, F. and Gavanas, A. 2008. “The Intersection of Childcare Regimes and Migration Regimes: A Three Country Study”, in H. Lutz (ed.), Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme, 13–28. Hampshire and Burlington: Ashgate.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Mariya Bikova
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bikova, M. (2015). Au Pair Arrangement in Norway and Transnational Organization of Care. In: Kontos, M., Bonifacio, G.T. (eds) Migrant Domestic Workers and Family Life. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137323552_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137323552_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-67290-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-32355-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)