Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular bases of immune complex pathology

  • Review
  • Published:
Biochemistry (Moscow) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The binding of antigens with antibodies forms immune complexes in the body. Usually these complexes are eliminated by the system of mononuclear phagocytes without development of pathological changes. This review highlights principal mechanisms responsible for safe removal of immune complexes in primates and humans. Special attention is given to diseases known as “immune complex diseases”, when antigen-antibody complexes induce inflammatory reactions. The review considers key experimental works that significantly contributed to current knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis of type III hypersensitivity. Some factors of the development of immune complex syndrome such as level of humoral immune response to antigen, isotype and affinity of forming antibodies, the amount of immune complexes, and the consequences of their interaction with the complement system and Fc-receptors are analyzed based on the molecular mechanisms involved. The review contains a retrospective analysis of the most significant scientific achievements in immune complex pathology investigation within the last 100 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

C5aR:

receptor for C5a

CIC:

circulating immune complexes

CR1:

receptor for C3b

DNP:

2,4-dinitrophenol

FcR:

Fc receptor

PAF:

platelet activating factor

References

  1. Roozendaal, R., and Carroll, M. C. (2007) Immunol. Rev., 219, 157–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Yan, J., Vetvicka, V., Xia, Y., Hanikyrova, M., Mayadas, T. N., and Ross, G. D. (2000) Immunopharmacology, 46, 39–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Clarkson, S. B., Kimberly, R. P., Valinsky, J. E., Witmer, M. D., Bussel, J. B., Nachman, R. L., and Unkeless, J. C. (1986) J. Exp. Med., 164, 474–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hepburn, A. L., Mason, J. C., Wang, S., Shepherd, C. J., Florey, O., Haskard, D. O., and Davies, K. A. (2006) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 146, 133–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fadok, V. A., Bratton, D. L., Konowal, A., Freed, P. W., Westcott, J. Y., and Henson, P. M. (1998) J. Clin. Invest., 101, 890–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Savill, J., Dransfield, I., Gregory, C., and Haslett, C. (2002) Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2, 965–975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Coombs, R. R. A., and Gell, P. G. H. (1975) in Clinical Aspects of Immunology (Gell, P. G. H., Coombs, R. R. A., and Lachman, P. J., eds.) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 761–781.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barratt, J., Feehally, J., and Smith, A. C. (2004) Semin. Nephrol., 24, 197–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Couser, W. G. (1985) Kidney Int., 28, 569–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Couser, W. G., and Salant, D. J. (1980) Kidney Int., 17, 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Naicker, S., Fabian, J., Naidoo, S., Wadee, S., Paget, G., and Goetsch, S. (2007) Semin. Immunopathol., 29, 397–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nangaku, M., and Couser, W. G. (2005) Clin. Exp. Nephrol., 9, 183–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nydegger, U. E. (2007) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1109, 66–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ritzmann, S. E., and Daniels, J. C. (1982) Clin. Chem., 28, 1259–1271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schifferli, J. A., and Taylor, R. P. (1989) Kidney Int., 35, 993–1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Solomon, S., Kassahn, D., and Illges, H. (2005) Arthritis Res. Ther., 7, 129–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Theofilopoulos, A. N., and Dixon, F. J. (1980) Am. J. Pathol., 100, 529–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Arthus, M. M. (1903) Compt. R. Soc. Biol., 55, 817–820.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Von Pirquet, C. F., and Schick, B. (1905) Die Serum Krankeit (Deuticke, F., ed.), Leipzig, Germany.

  20. Opie, E. L. (1924) J. Immunol., 9, 255–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Culbertson, J. T., and Kent, J. F. (1935) J. Immunol., 29, 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Fischel, E. E., and Kabat, E. A. (1947) J. Immunol., 55, 337–343.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Germuth, F. G. (1953) J. Exp. Med., 97, 257–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dixon, F. J., Vazquez, J. J., Weigle, W. O., and Cochrane, C. G. (1958) Arch. Pathol., 65, 18–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Benacerraf, B., Potter, J. L., McCluskey, R. T., and Miller, F. (1960) J. Exp. Med., 111, 195–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. McCluskey, R. T., Benacerraf, B., Potter, J. L., and Miller, F. (1960) J. Exp. Med., 111, 181–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mok, C. C., and Lau, C. S. (2003) J. Clin. Pathol., 56, 481–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dienstag, J. L. (1981) Semin. Liver Dis., 1, 45–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krapf, F. E., Herrmann, M., Leitmann, W., Schwartlander, B., and Kalden, J. R. (1990) Klin. Wochenschr., 68, 299–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Croce, M. V., Fejes, M., Riera, N., Minoldo, D. A., and Segal-Eiras, A. (1985) Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 20, 91–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Veltri, R. W., Rodman, S. M., Maxim, P. E., Baseler, M. W., and Sprinkle, P. M. (1986) Cancer, 57, 2295–2308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Vlock, D. R., and Kirkwood, J. M. (1985) J. Clin. Invest., 76, 849–854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Coppo, R., Bosticardo, G. M., Basolo, B., Messina, M., Mazzucco, G., Stratta, P., Quarello, F., Alloatti, S., and Piccoli, G. (1982) Nephron, 32, 320–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Soltis, R. D., and Hasz, D. E. (1983) J. Immunol. Meth., 57, 275–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Valentijn, R. M., van Overhagen, H., Hazevoet, H. M., Hermans, J., Cats, A., Daha, M. R., and van Es, L. A. (1985) Arthritis Rheum., 28, 904–913.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lock, R. J., and Unsworth, D. J. (2000) Ann. Clin. Biochem., 37, 253–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lucisano Valim, Y. M., and Lachmann, P. J. (1991) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 84, 1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schifferli, J. A., Steiger, G., Hauptmann, G., Spaeth, P. J., and Sjoholm, A. G. (1985) J. Clin. Invest., 76, 2127–2133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Miller, G. W., and Nussenzweig, V. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 418–422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Siegel, I., Liu, T. L., and Gleicher, N. (1981) Lancet, 2, 878–879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nelson, R. A., Jr. (1953) Science, 118, 733–737.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Edberg, J. C., Tosic, L., and Taylor, R. P. (1989) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 51, 118–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Taylor, R. P., Kujala, G., Wilson, K., Wright, E., and Harbin, A. (1985) J. Immunol., 134, 2550–2558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Beynon, H. L., Davies, K. A., Haskard, D. O., and Walport, M. J. (1994) J. Immunol., 153, 3160–3167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Medof, M. E., Iida, K., Mold, C., and Nussenzweig, V. (1982) J. Exp. Med., 156, 1739–1754.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ross, G. D., Newman, S. L., Lambris, J. D., Devery-Pocius, J. E., Cain, J. A., and Lachmann, P. J. (1983) J. Exp. Med., 158, 334–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Beller, D. I., Springer, T. A., and Schreiber, R. D. (1982) J. Exp. Med., 156, 1000–1009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Myones, B. L., Dalzell, J. G., Hogg, N., and Ross, G. D. (1988) J. Clin. Invest., 82, 640–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Schreiber, R. D. (1984) Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 7, 221–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cornacoff, J. B., Hebert, L. A., Smead, W. L., VanAman, M. E., Birmingham, D. J., and Waxman, F. J. (1983) J. Clin. Invest., 71, 236–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pommier, C. G., Inada, S., Fries, L. F., Takahashi, T., Frank, M. M., and Brown, E. J. (1983) J. Exp. Med., 157, 1844–1854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Aderem, A., and Underhill, D. M. (1999) Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, 593–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cosio, F. G., and Bakaletz, A. P. (1987) J. Clin. Invest., 80, 1270–1279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lindorfer, M. A., Hahn, C. S., Foley, P. L., and Taylor, R. P. (2001) Immunol. Rev., 183, 10–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Miyaike, J., Iwasaki, Y., Takahashi, A., Shimomura, H., Taniguchi, H., Koide, N., Matsuura, K., Ogura, T., Tobe, K., and Tsuji, T. (2002) Gut, 51, 591–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yen, J. H., Liu, H. W., Lin, S. F., Chen, J. R., and Chen, T. P. (1989) J. Rheumatol., 16, 1320–1325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Owuor, B. O., Odhiambo, C. O., Otieno, W. O., Adhiambo, C., Makawiti, D. W., and Stoute, J. A. (2008) Mol. Med., 14, 89–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hebert, L. A., and Cosio, F. G. (1987) Kidney Int., 31, 877–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Waller, S. J., Taylor, R. P., Wright, E. L., Morley, K. W., and Johns, M. (1981) Arthritis Rheum., 24, 651–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Leslie, R. G. Q. (1980) Immunol. Today, 1, 78–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hawn, C. V. Z., and Janeway, C. A. (1947) J. Exp. Med., 85, 571–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Raffel, S., and Newel, J. M. (1958) J. Exp. Med., 108, 823–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Cochrane, C. G. (1963) J. Exp. Med., 118, 489–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cochrane, C. G., and Hawkins, D. (1968) J. Exp. Med., 127, 137–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dixon, F. J., Feldman, J. D., and Vazquez, J. J. (1961) J. Exp. Med., 113, 899–920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Benacerraf, B., and McDevitt, H. O. (1972) Science, 175, 273–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Peng, Y., Kowalewski, R., Kim, S., and Elkon, K. B. (2005) Mol. Immunol., 42, 781–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jefferis, R., and Kumararatne, D. S. (1990) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 81, 357–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kerr, M. A. (1990) Biochem. J., 271, 285–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Johnson, A., Harkin, S., Steward, M. W., and Whaley, K. (1987) Mol. Immunol., 24, 1211–1217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Waxman, F. J., Hebert, L. A., Cosio, F. G., Smead, W. L., VanAman, M. E., Taguiam, J. M., and Birmingham, D. J. (1986) J. Clin. Invest., 77, 82–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gomes, M. M., and Herr, A. B. (2006) Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 28, 383–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Tizard, E. J., and Hamilton-Ayres, M. J. (2008) Arch. Dis. Child. Pract. Ed., 93, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gonzalez, M. L., and Waxman, F. J. (2000) J. Immunol., 164, 1071–1077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Werwitzke, S., Trick, D., Kamino, K., Matthias, T., Kniesch, K., Schlegelberger, B., Schmidt, R. E., and Witte, T. (2005) Arthritis Rheum., 52, 3629–3638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Bielory, L., Kemeny, D. M., Richards, D., and Lessof, M. H. (1990) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 85, 573–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Devey, M. E., and Steward, M. W. (1980) Immunology, 41, 303–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Devey, M. E., Bleasdale, K., Stanley, C., and Steward, M. W. (1984) Immunology, 52, 377–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Caulfield, J. P., and Farquhar, M. G. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 1646–1650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Border, W. A., Ward, H. J., Kamil, E. S., and Cohen, A. H. (1982) J. Clin. Invest., 69, 451–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gallo, G. R., Caulin-Glaser, T., and Lamm, M. E. (1981) J. Clin. Invest., 67, 1305–1313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Koyama, A., Inage, H., Kobayashi, M., Ohta, Y., Narita, M., Tojo, S., and Cameron, J. S. (1986) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 64, 606–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gitlin, D., and Edelhoch, H. (1951) J. Immunol., 66, 67–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Khlebtsov, B. N., Burygin, G. L., Matora, L. Y., Shchyogolev, S. Y., and Khlebtsov, N. G. (2004) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1670, 199–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Heidelberger, M., and Kendall, F. E. (1935) J. Exp. Med., 61, 563–591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Doekes, G., Vanes, L. A., and Daha, M. R. (1982) Immunology, 45, 705–713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Horgan, C., and Emlen, W. (1987) Mol. Immunol., 24, 109–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hofstaetter, T., and Brammsen, H. (1984) Immunobiology, 67, 506–519.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Mannik, M., and Arend, W. P. (1971) J. Exp. Med., 134, 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Cochrane, C. G., and Dixon, F. J. (1969) Calif. Med., 111, 99–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rifai, A. (1988) Am. J. Kidney Dis., 12, 402–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sylvestre, D. L., and Ravetch, J. V. (1994) Science, 265, 1095–1098.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sylvestre, D., Clynes, R., Ma, M., Warren, H., Carroll, M. C., and Ravetch, J. V. (1996) J. Exp. Med., 184, 2385–2392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lambris, J. D., Ricklin, D., and Geisbrecht, B. V. (2008) Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 6, 132–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Belmont, H. M., Hopkins, P., Edelson, H. S., Kaplan, H. B., Ludewig, R., Weissmann, G., and Abramson, S. (1986) Arthritis Rheum., 29, 1085–1089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hopkins, P., Belmont, H. M., Buyon, J., Philips, M., Weissmann, G., and Abramson, S. B. (1988) Arthritis Rheum., 31, 632–641.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lee, D. M., Friend, D. S., Gurish, M. F., Benoist, C., Mathis, D., and Brenner, M. B. (2002) Science, 297, 1689–1692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Williams, T. J., and Jose, P. J. (1981) J. Exp. Med., 153, 136–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Schindler, R., Gelfand, J. A., and Dinarello, C. A. (1990) Blood, 76, 1631–1638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Takabayashi, T., Vannier, E., Clark, B. D., Margolis, N. H., Dinarello, C. A., Burke, J. F., and Gelfand, J. A. (1996) J. Immunol., 156, 3455–3460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Markiewski, M. M., and Lambris, J. D. (2007) Am. J. Pathol., 171, 715–727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. El Lati, S. G., Dahinden, C. A., and Church, M. K. (1994) J. Invest. Dermatol., 102, 803–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Rawal, N., and Pangburn, M. K. (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278, 38476–38483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ierino, F. L., Powell, M. S., McKenzie, I. F., and Hogarth, P. M. (1993) J. Exp. Med., 178, 1617–1628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hazenbos, W. L., Gessner, J. E., Hofhuis, F. M., Kuipers, H., Meyer, D., Heijnen, I. A., Schmidt, R. E., Sandor, M., Capel, P. J., Daeron, M., van de Winkel, J. G., and Verbeek, J. S. (1996) Immunity, 5, 181–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Clynes, R., Maizes, J. S., Guinamard, R., Ono, M., Takai, T., and Ravetch, J. V. (1999) J. Exp. Med., 189, 179–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schiller, C., Janssen-Graalfs, I., Baumann, U., Schwerter-Strumpf, K., Izui, S., Takai, T., Schmidt, R. E., and Gessner, J. E. (2000) Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 481–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hopken, U. E., Lu, B., Gerard, N. P., and Gerard, C. (1997) J. Exp. Med., 186, 749–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Baumann, U., Kohl, J., Tschernig, T., Schwerter-Strumpf, K., Verbeek, J. S., Schmidt, R. E., and Gessner, J. E. (2000) J. Immunol., 164, 1065–1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Shushakova, N., Skokowa, J., Schulman, J., Baumann, U., Zwirner, J., Schmidt, R. E., and Gessner, J. E. (2002) J. Clin. Invest., 110, 1823–1830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Monk, P. N., Scola, A. M., Madala, P., and Fairlie, D. P. (2007) Br. J. Pharmacol., 152, 429–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Godau, J., Heller, T., Hawlisch, H., Trappe, M., Howells, E., Best, J., Zwirner, J., Verbeek, J. S., Hogarth, P. M., Gerard, C., van Rooijen, N., Klos, A., Gessner, J. E., and Kohl, J. (2004) J. Immunol., 173, 3437–3445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Daffern, P. J., Pfeifer, P. H., Ember, J. A., and Hugli, T. E. (1995) J. Exp. Med., 181, 2119–2127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Foreman, K. E., Glovsky, M. M., Warner, R. L., Horvath, S. J., and Ward, P. A. (1996) Inflammation, 20, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Jagels, M. A., Daffern, P. J., and Hugli, T. E. (2000) Immunopharmacology, 46, 209–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Cotran, R. S., and Pober, J. S. (1990) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1, 225–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Camussi, G., Bussolino, F., Ghezzo, F., and Pegoraro, L. (1982) Blood, 59, 16–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Camussi, G., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., and Benveniste, J. (1977) Immunology, 33, 523–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Steil, A. A., Teixeira, C. F., and Jancar, S. (1999) Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 57, 35–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Rocha, F. A., Andrade, L. E., Russo, M., and Jancar, S. (1997) J. Lipid Mediat. Cell Signal., 16, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Warren, J. S., Mandel, D. M., Johnson, K. J., and Ward, P. A. (1989) J. Clin. Invest., 83, 669–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Pons, F., Rossi, A. G., Norman, K. E., Williams, T. J., and Nourshargh, S. (1993) Br. J. Pharmacol., 109, 234–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ji, H., Ohmura, K., Mahmood, U., Lee, D. M., Hofhuis, F. M., Boackle, S. A., Takahashi, K., Holers, V. M., Walport, M., Gerard, C., Ezekowitz, A., Carroll, M. C., Brenner, M., Weissleder, R., Verbeek, J. S., Duchatelle, V., Degott, C., Benoist, C., and Mathis, D. (2002) Immunity, 16, 157–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Fernandez, N., Renedo, M., Alonso, S., and Crespo, M. S. (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278, 52179–52187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Trinidad, A. G., de la Puerta, M. L., Fernandez, N., Bayon, Y., Crespo, M. S., and Alonso, A. (2006) J. Leukoc. Biol., 79, 1073–1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Manderson, A. P., Botto, M., and Walport, M. J. (2004) Annu. Rev. Immunol., 22, 431–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, 614081, Perm, Russia

    K. V. Shmagel & V. A. Chereshnev

Authors
  1. K. V. Shmagel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. A. Chereshnev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. V. Shmagel.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © K. V. Shmagel, V. A. Chereshnev, 2009, published in Biokhimiya, 2009, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 581–592.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shmagel, K.V., Chereshnev, V.A. Molecular bases of immune complex pathology. Biochemistry Moscow 74, 469–479 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297909050010

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297909050010

Key words

Search

Navigation