A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea

Dina Abadi Bavil; Mahrokh Dolatian; Zohreh Mahmoodi; Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban

doi:10.12688/f1000research.12462.1

Home Browse A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with...

ALL Metrics

-

Views

-

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Dina Abadi Bavil¹, Mahrokh Dolatian ¹, Zohreh Mahmoodi², Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban³

PUBLISHED 16 Jan 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
² Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
³ Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Dina Abadi Bavil
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Mahrokh Dolatian
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Zohreh Mahmoodi
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.

Abstract

Background: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological disorder in young women and is seen in almost 50% of women. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between physical activity and nutrition with primary dysmenorrhea in students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (Sari, Iran) in 2015.
Methods: This comparative descriptive study was conducted on 250 students with and without primary dysmenorrhea. Data were collected using personal-demographic, nutrition and physical activity questionnaires. The output was then analyzed in SPSS-18 using independent t-test, Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.
Results: The results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of nutrition and physical activity, as the mean score of nutrition was 57.91 in the group with dysmenorrhea and 61.68 in the group without, while the mean intensity of physical activity was 5518.75 metric in the group with dysmenorrhea and 4666.42 metric in the group without. Physical activity was calculated by MET scale (minutes/week). This index measured the amount of consumed energy at the time of activity relative to that consumed at resting time.
Conclusions: A healthier and more favorable nutrition style and more regular physical activity reduces the severity of dysmenorrhea in girls. Therefore, educational measures are required to raise awareness among young women about the effects of proper nutrition and physical activity on the prevention and reduction of dysmenorrhea complications.

Keywords

Nutrition, physical activity, dysmenorrhea, young women

Corresponding author: Mahrokh Dolatian

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2018 Abadi Bavil D et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

How to cite: Abadi Bavil D, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z and Akbarzadeh Baghban A. A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2018, 7:59 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12462.1) First published: 16 Jan 2018, 7:59 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12462.1) Latest published: 16 Jan 2018, 7:59 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12462.1)

Introduction

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological disorders that refer to cramping pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation without pelvic pathology. This complication often occurs in the first and second years after the onset of menstruation during ovulation¹. The overall prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea is 60% to 90% in adolescent girls but decreases with age². Increased concentrations of prostaglandins and vasopressin, increased levels of leukotrienes and psychological factors are reported to be involved in the development of primary dysmenorrhea³. Prostaglandins cause pain by increasing uterine tone and contractions¹. There are several medicinal and non-medicinal methods for improving or eliminating this complication. A non-medicinal treatment for primary dysmenorrhea is changing nutrition; for instance, reducing the intake of salt and animal fats, increasing the consumption of complex carbohydrates and dietary fibers and increasing physical activity⁴.

Although various treatment methods have been proposed for this complication, there has been limited success. Some studies have proposed factors such as dietary habits⁵ nutrition⁶ and aerobic exercise⁷ as effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, but one study found no relationship between exercise and dysmenorrhea⁸. Since medicinal therapies can have side-effects, and as some people prefer to not be medicated, researchers and young women are both seeking alternative therapies for this condition⁹. The disparity of findings on this disorder led to the present study about nutrition and physical activity and their relationship to primary dysmenorrhea in university students, so as to facilitate interventions targeting nutrition and physical activity in young women.

Methods

Participants

The present comparative descriptive study was conducted on 250 female students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (Sari, Iran). Students were recruited during lectures at the university. Students with menarche who had menstrual pain and without pelvic pathological disorders and this pain limited to menstrual periods were classified as primary dysmenorrhea, which was self-reported.

Sampling lasted from late August to late November 2015. A total of 125 students belonged to the case group with primary dysmenorrhea and 125 students to the control group without this condition were case-matched to the study group through convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria for the cases consisted of being single, age 18 to 26, having moderate or severe (scores 4 to 10) and painless (scores 0 to 3) primary dysmenorrhea based on the McGill Pain Index, having no known chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, underlying cardiac diseases, infectious diseases, etc., having no self-reported symptoms such as burning, itching and abnormal vaginal discharge, and having no history of gynecological surgeries.

Sample size was calculated using the formula:

n = [\frac{z_{1 - \frac{α}{2}} \sqrt{2 \bar{π} (1 - \bar{π})} + z_{1 - β} \sqrt{π_{1} (1 - π_{1}) + π_{2} (1 - π_{2})}}{π_{1} - π_{2}}]^{2}

Data collection

Data were collected using personal-demographic, nutrition and physical activity questionnaires (Supplementary File 1), the McGill Pain Index and height was measured by a metal ruler. The questionnaires were distributed by face to face interview. The personal-demographic questionnaire inquired about participants’ personal information, menstruation history, obstetric history and socio-economic status. The intervals of menstruation in a period of less than 21 days between 21 to 35 days or more than 35 days, according to the response of each person were marked. After obtaining the frequency, the mean of these were calculated in the two groups

The socio-economic status questionnaire contains 12 questions that were calculated using factor analysis method. Factor scores = 04754/0 * Education + 0/12080 * Assets + 0/34570 * Mother’s education + 0/27104 * Father’s education + 0/3585 * Type of home + 0/02277 * House size + 0/00403 * Number of residents At home - 0.06260 * Owning a private home 0/23442 * Mother’s income + 14.176 / 0 * Father’s income 0.04896 * Occupation. Using the above relationship, the socioeconomic score of each person was calculated.

The nutrition questionnaire consisted of 16 items that were scored based on a four-point Likert scale, with scores ranging from 16 to 64: never, 1; sometimes, 2; often, 3; always, 4. Questions 13 to 16 are never, 4; sometimes, 3; often, 2; always, 1. The nutrition questionnaire scores increased to a percentage and scores less than 33.3% of the total score of nutrition indicated poor nutrition, scores between 33.3% and 66.6% indicated somewhat proper nutrition and scores higher than 66.6% indicated good nutrition. Percentages were calculated as follows: Nutrition % = ((q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5 + q6 + q7 + q8 + q9 + q10 + q11 + q12 + q13 + q14 + q15 + q16) - 16) / (64 - 16))* 100. The nutritional style questionnaire was used previously by Mahmoodi et al. for designing and psychometric evaluation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.97. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in the nutrition aspect was 0.76, which confirmed its reliability and validity¹⁰.

The physical activity dimension of participants’ lifestyle was assessed using the long-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ; http://youthrex.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/IPAQ-TM.pdf]¹¹, developed in 1998 by the WHO and CDD in Geneva as an international physical activity assessment tool for the age group 15 to 69. This version of the questionnaire consists of 27 items and reports physical activity levels in MET-minute/week and classifies people into three groups: A low activity group (less than 600 MET), a moderate activity group (between 600 and 3000 MET) and a high activity group (over 3000 MET) groups. The IPAQ is a global standard questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been approved in previous studies through content validity and Cronbach’s alpha^12–15.

The McGill Pain Index is the most common visual analogue scale used in studies with an approved reliability and validity¹⁶.

For data collection, the researcher (DAB) visited the study settings and obtained the permission of the directors of the centers. She conducted preliminary interviews with the participants (briefed them on the study objectives and the confidentiality of the data before they submitted their informed written consents). Eligible candidates were then selected for participation in the study.

Data analysis

Data were analyzed in SPSS-18 using descriptive and analytical statistics such as mean and standard deviation, the independent t-test, the Chi-square test, Fisher’s Exact Test, Mann-Whitney’s U-test and the multiple logistic regression analysis.

Ethical statement

The study was conducted after obtaining the approval of the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (ID: SBMU2.REC.1394.102). The authors obtained the consent of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences for doing this research. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Results

The results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of age (P=0.001) and degree of education (P=0.011), but not in terms of BMI (p=0.296), age at menarche (p=0.374), duration of menstrual cycles (p=0.540) and intervals between menstrual cycles (p=0.054), which means that the two groups matched in terms of these four variables (Table 1).

Table 1. Demographic, obstetric and gynecological characteristics of young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea.

Variables	Dysmenorrhea (n=125) Mean±SD	Without dysmenorrhea (n=125) Mean±SD	p-value
Age (years)	21.14±2.09	21.22±2.13	0.001
BMI	22.37±3.50	21.92±3.34	0.296
Menarch age (years)	13.39±1.39	13.24±1.30	0.374
Menstrual cycle	21.75±2.42	22.54±3.88	0.054
Duration of menstruation (days)	6.37±1.32	6.27±1.13	0.540
Socioeconomic status	4.24±0.904	4.13±0.877	0.346

In the group with dysmenorrhea, the good nutritional status was 21.6% and in the non-affected group it was 36%. According to the scores obtained in the questionnaires, the two groups were significantly different in terms of nutrition score (p=0.008) and physical activity (p=0.011); (Table 2). The logistic regression analysis, however, showed no significant differences between the groups in terms of nutrition. The results showed a 1% reduction in the incidence of dysmenorrhea per each unit of increase in physical activity score; that is, a higher level of physical activity reduces the incidence of dysmenorrhea. Age also reduces the incidence of dysmenorrhea by 18%; in other words, the higher the age, the lower the incidence of dysmenorrhea (Table 3).

Table 2. Frequency distribution and comparison of nutrition style and physical activity in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea.

Nutrition score was calculated using a four-point Likert score, while physical activity was calculated by MET (minutes/week).

Lifestyle characteristic	Dysmenorrhea (n=125) Mean±SD	Without dysmenorrhea (n=125) Mean±SD	p-value
Nutrition score	57.91±10.92	61.68±11.33	0.008
Physical activity (MET)	5518.75±3182/03	4666/42±1930/12	0.011

Table 3. Logistic regression model of effective factors on primary dysmenorrhea.

Lifestyle characteristic	Exp(B)=OR	Confidence interval (%95)	p-value	B
Age	1.208	1.040-1.404	0.014	0.189
Education	1.318	0.837-2.076	0.233	0.276
Nutrition score	0.977	0.951-1.004	0.089	-0.024
Physical activity	1.008	1.000-1.016	0.040	0.008

Dataset 1.Raw data behind the results of this study.

The coding schema for the data can be found in Supplementary File 2.

Discussion

The results showed that nutrition and physical activity were related to dysmenorrhea in the two groups. According to the results of Table 2, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of nutritional style (p = 0.008), physical activity (p = 0.11), but when some variables were adjusted by logistic regression analysis, nutrition didn’t show any difference between the two groups.

An optimal nutrition was found to reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. In 1992, Ekstrom et al.¹⁷ showed that, during menstruation, hypertonic saline infusion increases vasopressin and oxytocin, and along with the increase in these two hormones, the severity of dysmenorrhea also increases. Increased prostaglandin was proposed as the main reason for the pain and excessive bleeding experienced¹. Food items rich in magnesium can reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea by reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins and decreasing muscle and small vessel spasms¹⁸. Following a high-fiber diet can increase sex hormone-binding globulins and thus reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are the main cause of dysmenorrhea¹⁹. Studies show that the arachidonic acid in animal fat is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, and therefore, foods such as meat and dairy are the main source of arachidonic acid⁵. Regarding the link between the daily use of the four food groups and dysmenorrhea, it can be argued that the high consumption of fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits is associated with a low incidence of painful menstruation²⁰. Eliminating salty foods will decrease the incidence of dysmenorrhea as well²¹. Having breakfast every morning²² and eating nuts, pure honey^24,25 are also effective in reducing the incidence of dysmenorrhea. The compound oleocanthal in extra virgin olive oil suppresses prostaglandin synthesis; in other words, it inhibits the enzymatic pathway for pain²⁶.

Exercise acts as a non-specific analgesia by improving pelvic blood circulation and stimulating the release of beta-endorphins⁹. Exercise leads to the prevention and regression of dysmenorrhea by reducing stress and improving mood. Age at menarche is significantly higher in athletes²⁷. Exercise reduces body fat, and since obesity is associated with a high prevalence of dysmenorrhea, the loss of fat significantly increases age at menarche²⁷. Exercising three days before the beginning of the menstruation improves pelvic blood flow, disrupts the accumulation of prostaglandins in this part of the body and thus delays the onset of pain. Exercise during menstrual pain also leads to the faster transfer of excess substances and prostaglandin from the uterus, which is the main factor responsible for menstrual pain, and thus reduces the duration of pain during menstruation²⁸. Exercise can reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and increase the activity of the parasympathetic nerves during rest and reduce stress and thereby menstrual symptoms²⁹. Regular aerobic exercise can reduce pain by increasing the secretion of endorphins, which are the most powerful natural opiates in the body³⁰.

Salehi et al. found a significant difference in the intensity and duration of pain after eight weeks of Pilates exercise between the intervention and control groups. On the first three days of menstruation, 30 minutes of brisk walking per day reduces primary dysmenorrhea pain. Dysmenorrhea was less prevalent in those who had regular exercise three sessions per week compared to those who did not exercise³¹. Exercise is most effective in the prevention of dysmenorrhea when it begins before the first menstruation and remains a fixed part of the adult’s lifestyle²⁷. The present study showed that dysmenorrhea was less prevalent in those who were more physically active, and regular exercise can reduce stress in women and thus improve blood circulation and increase the amount of endorphins and neurotransmitters³². Educational and counseling measures are needed to emphasize the importance of exercise.

The two groups were significantly different in terms of age. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea decreased with age. This condition is prevalent between ages 20 and 24 and then progressively declines in prevalence after this age³³. The two groups were not different in terms of BMI. Haidari et al. also showed no significant relationships between dysmenorrhea and the variables of BMI, height, weight and the waist-to-hip ratio³⁴. A positive relationship has been observed between a high BMI and dysmenorrhea. The inconsistency between the results obtained by Harlow³⁵ and those of the present study may be due to the fact that BMI is affected by factors such as race, age and gender and is therefore not a proper indicator of obesity, especially in athletes who have a high body mass³¹.

In this study, no significant relationships were observed between the two groups in terms of age at menarche, the duration of menstrual cycles and intervals between menstrual cycles. Nevertheless, Espiroff found a significant relationship between age at menarche and the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea². The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea increases with longer intervals between menstrual cycles³⁴, heavy menstrual bleeding³³ and a menstruation lasting more than seven days³⁶. Chung et al.³⁷, however, argued that the duration of menstrual cycle is not related to dysmenorrhea. In the present study, the two groups were matched for confounding factors and there were therefore no differences between them in terms of menstruation history.

Conclusion

Dysmenorrhea is a cyclical and debilitating process. Due to its negative impact on quality of life, preventive and supportive measures are necessary in young women by raising awareness and promoting education about better lifestyles, which encompass proper nutrition and regular physical activity.

Data availability

Dataset 1: Raw data behind the results of this study. The coding schema for the data can be found in Supplementary File 2. DOI, 10.5256/f1000research.12462.d189275³⁸

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Acknowledgements

This research was derived from an M.S. thesis of Dina Abadi Bavil. We appreciate the cooperation of the honorable Research Deputies at the University of Shahid Beheshti and Sari University, as well as all students who participated.

Supplementary material

Supplementary File 1: Socio-demographic, nutrition and physical exercise questionnaires.

Click here to access the data.

Supplementary File 2: Coding schema for Dataset 1.

Click here to access the data.

F1000 recommended

References

1. Berek JS, Novak E: Berek and Novak’s Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. Reference Source
2. Speroff L, Fritz MA: Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. lippincott Williams & wilkins, 2011. Reference Source
3. DeCherney A, Nathan L, Goodwin TM, et al.: Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Obstetrics and Gynecology 11e Inkling Chapter. McGraw Hill Professional. 2012. Reference Source
4. O’Brien PS, Abukhalil IE: Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 180(1 Pt 1): 18–23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Molazem Z, Alhani F, Anooshe M, et al.: Epidemiology of dysmenorrhea with dietary habits and exercise. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(3): 41–5. Reference Source
6. Kawabata A: Lipid Mediators and Pain Signaling. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011; 34(8): 1170–3.
7. Mohammadi B, Azamian Jazi A, Fathollahi Shourabeh F: The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Detraining on Some of the Menstrual Disorders in Non-athlete Students in Lorestan Universities. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2012; 18(2): 5–12. Reference Source
8. Chung FF, Yao CC, Wan GH: The associations between menstrual function and life style/working conditions among nurses in Taiwan. J Occup Health. 2005; 47(2): 149–56. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Proctor M, Farquhar C: Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ. 2006; 332(7550): 1134–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
10. Mahmoodi Z, Karimlou M, Sajjadi H, et al.: Development of mother's lifestyle scale during pregnancy with an approach to social determinants of health. Glob J Health Sci. 2013; 5(3): 208–19. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
11. Committee IR: Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Consultado em. 2005; 20. Reference Source
12. Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, et al.: Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004; 44(2): 186–92. PubMed Abstract
13. Hazavehei SM, Asadi Z, Hassanzadeh A, et al.: Comparing the effect of two methods of presenting physical education Π course on the attitudes and practices of female Students towards regular physical activity in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Med Educ. 2008; 8(1): 121–31. Reference Source
14. Kurtze N, Rangul V, Hustvedt BE, et al.: Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study: HUNT 1. Scand J Public Health. 2008; 36(1): 52–61. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Woolven L: The Smart Woman’s Guide to PMS and Pain-Free Periods. John Wiley & Sons. 2010. Reference Source
16. Wall PD, Jones M: Defeating pain: The war against a silent epidemic. Springer. 2013. Reference Source
17. Ekström P, Åkerlund M, Forsling M, et al.: Stimulation of vasopressin release in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and after oral contraceptive treatment--effect on uterine contractility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(8): 680–4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Hudson T: Natural progesterone: Clinical indications in women’s health. Female Patient. 2001; 26(4): 43.
19. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Hurlock D, et al.: Diet and Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin, Dysmenorrhea, and Premenstrual Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95(2): 245–50. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Balbi C, Musone R, Menditto A, et al.: Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on menstrual pain in adolescence age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000; 91(2): 143–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Durain D: Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and management update. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004; 49(6): 520–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Fjerbæk A, Knudsen UB: Endometriosis, dysmenorrhea and diet--What is the evidence? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007; 132(2): 140–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al.: International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(8): 1381–95. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24. White JW Jr: Detection of honey adulteration by carbohydrage analysis. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1980; 63(1): 11–8. PubMed Abstract
25. Bertelli D, Lolli M, Papotti G, et al.: Detection of honey adulteration by sugar syrups using one-dimensional and two-dimensional high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58(15): 8495–501. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Rezaeyan M, Abdali N, Araban M: Comparing analgesic effects of extra virgin olive oil and Ibuprofen on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea: A crossover clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2014; 9(2): 67–74. Reference Source
27. Sargolzayi M, Keykhayi N: dyssmenorhea and exercise in women. Journal of medical science. 1377; 3(11–12): 52–5.
28. Salehi F, Marefati H, Mehrabian H, et al.: Effect of pilates exercise on primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 248–53.
29. Gannon L: The potential role of exercise in the alleviation of menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms: a theoretical synthesis of recent research. Women Health. 1988; 14(2): 105–27. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Kermanshahi S, Hosseinzadeh S, Alhani F: The effect of the group counseling program on the status of primary dysmenorrhea, dietary condition and exercise in Shahreyar Girl's High School. ZUMS Journal. 2009; 16(65): 49–60. Reference Source
31. Ezbarami S, Mirzaei B, Esfarjani F: Comparison the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among athletes and non-athletes and its relation with body composition. Arak Medical University Journal. 2014; 16(11): 80–89. Reference Source
32. Mayo JL: A healthy menstrual cycle. Clin Nutr Insights. 1997; 5(9): 1–8. Reference Source
33. Smith RP: Netter’s obstetrics and gynecology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2008. Reference Source
34. Haidari F, Akrami A, Sarhadi M, et al.: Prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its relation to anthropometric parameters. Journal of hayat. 2011; 17(1): 70–7. Reference Source
35. Harlow SD, Park M: A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996; 103(11): 1134–42. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
36. Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, et al.: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Ups J Med Sci. 2010; 115(2): 138–45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
37. Chung YC, Chen HH, Yeh ML: Acupoint stimulation intervention for people with primary dysmenorrhea: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Complement Ther Med. 2012; 20(5): 353–63. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Abadi Bavil D, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z, et al.: Dataset 1 in: A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea. F1000Research. 2017. Data Source

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 Jan 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
² Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
³ Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Dina Abadi Bavil
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Mahrokh Dolatian
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Zohreh Mahmoodi
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 16 Jan 2018, 7:59

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12462.1

Copyright

© 2018 Abadi Bavil D et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

0

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Abadi Bavil D, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z and Akbarzadeh Baghban A. A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] F1000Research 2018, 7:59 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12462.1)

NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?

Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE

ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 16 Jan 2018

Views

4

Reviewer Report 29 Aug 2018

Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sari, Iran

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.13494.r37383

The topic is very attractive. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological pain among young women.The healthy life style can reduce the severity of pain in the young women. This cross sectional study is well designed. The instruments were valid. The results ... Continue reading

The topic is very attractive. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological pain among young women.The healthy life style can reduce the severity of pain in the young women. This cross sectional study is well designed. The instruments were valid. The results can be helpful for designing an intervention study.

The manuscript is suitable for indexing after the response to reviewers. Please revise based on the following comments:

Title:
Indicate the study's design.

Introduction:

Please present previous studies in the field and clarify the research gap.
Please present the aim of the study (state the specific objectives) at the end of the discussion.

Methods:

Please clarify the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaires.
Please describe the setting and location of the study.
Please give the eligibility criteria, the sources, and the methods of selection of the participants.
Please clearly define all variables.
Describe any efforts to prevent potential bias.

Discussion:

Please discuss limitations of the study.
Please clarify the generalisability of the study results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: midwifery, women health, sexual and reproductive health

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

16

Reviewer Report 07 Feb 2018

Mark Jones, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.13494.r30514

This article requires additional information to be included. Also some of the information provided needs clarification.

In the abstract it is reported that dysmenorrhea is seen in almost 50% of women but in the introduction it is ... Continue reading

This article requires additional information to be included. Also some of the information provided needs clarification.

In the abstract it is reported that dysmenorrhea is seen in almost 50% of women but in the introduction it is reported that overall prevalence is 60-90% in adolescent girls. This seems contradictory?

The sentences in the abstract results “Physical activity was calculated by MET scale (minutes/week). This index measured the amount of consumed energy at the time of activity relative to that consumed at resting time” would fit better in the abstract methods.

In the abstract please say how many of the 250 girls were in each comparison group.

It appears that the cases had greater physical activity than the controls (cases: 5518.75 vs controls: 4666.42). Please clarify and interpret accordingly.

In the abstract conclusion it says: “A healthier and more favorable nutrition style and more regular physical activity reduces the severity of dysmenorrhea in girls.” But the comparison is between cases and controls rather than a study of the effect of physical activity and nutrition on the severity of dysmenorrhea? Also this conclusion implies a causal effect but this study is a cross-sectional study of association?

It mentions “proper nutrition” in the abstract conclusion. Does this mean some of the study participants were not getting proper nutrition?

What were the actual questions used to determine exposure status (i.e. dysmenorrhea)?

More information is required on the sample of participants included in the study. How many students were approached? How many participated? What were the reasons for any exclusions? How were the controls matched? The inclusion criteria for cases is not clear e.g. what does “painless (0 to 3) mean? What were the inclusion criteria for controls?

What were the actual parameters assumed for the sample size calculation? E.g. what effect size was assumed?

I could not follow the methods on how socioeconomic status and nutrition scores were obtained? Please clarify.

In the data analysis section please clarify which test was used for which data.

Were all the potential confounders included in the analysis? E.g. what about smoking, alcohol, and other drug use?

In Table 2 I couldn’t understand what “3182/03” and “1930/12” meant? The education result was not included in table 2? Was there any missing data?

Why were the variables reported in Table 3 included in the logistic regression? Did you use a multivariable model? Why is the result for nutrition score no longer “statistically significant”?

Please interpret the main findings of the study in terms of clinical significance.

Please include a section on limitations of the study including missing confounding variables, potential for selection bias, potential for exposure/outcome misclassification.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

14

Reviewer Report 23 Jan 2018

Narjes Bahri, Department of Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.13494.r29899

I read the paper carefully and find it good and suitable for publication. Only one point in my opinion needs to be clarified before publication as following:
The two group of study have named "case and control" although the ... Continue reading

I read the paper carefully and find it good and suitable for publication. Only one point in my opinion needs to be clarified before publication as following:
The two group of study have named "case and control" although the type of study has mentioned:" comparative descriptive study". There is a conflict that must be clarified.

Recommendations for authors:

The type of study would be changed to: cross sectional study
The name of groups would be change to: with dysmenorrhea / and without dysmenorrhea

I hope my recommendation can improve the quality of the paper.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 Jan 2018

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2	3
Version 1 16 Jan 18	read	read	read

Narjes Bahri, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Mark Jones, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sari, Iran

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Sign up for content alerts

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

4 Views

29 Aug 2018 | for Version 1

Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sari, Iran

4 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The topic is very attractive. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological pain among young women.The healthy life style can reduce the severity of pain in the young women. This cross sectional study is well designed. The instruments were valid. The results can be helpful for designing an intervention study.

The manuscript is suitable for indexing after the response to reviewers. Please revise based on the following comments:

Title:
Indicate the study's design.

Introduction:

Please present previous studies in the field and clarify the research gap.
Please present the aim of the study (state the specific objectives) at the end of the discussion.

Methods:

Please clarify the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaires.
Please describe the setting and location of the study.
Please give the eligibility criteria, the sources, and the methods of selection of the participants.
Please clearly define all variables.
Describe any efforts to prevent potential bias.

Discussion:

Please discuss limitations of the study.
Please clarify the generalisability of the study results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

midwifery, women health, sexual and reproductive health

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

16 Views

07 Feb 2018 | for Version 1

Mark Jones, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia

16 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

This article requires additional information to be included. Also some of the information provided needs clarification.

In the abstract it is reported that dysmenorrhea is seen in almost 50% of women but in the introduction it is reported that overall prevalence is 60-90% in adolescent girls. This seems contradictory?

The sentences in the abstract results “Physical activity was calculated by MET scale (minutes/week). This index measured the amount of consumed energy at the time of activity relative to that consumed at resting time” would fit better in the abstract methods.

In the abstract please say how many of the 250 girls were in each comparison group.

It appears that the cases had greater physical activity than the controls (cases: 5518.75 vs controls: 4666.42). Please clarify and interpret accordingly.

In the abstract conclusion it says: “A healthier and more favorable nutrition style and more regular physical activity reduces the severity of dysmenorrhea in girls.” But the comparison is between cases and controls rather than a study of the effect of physical activity and nutrition on the severity of dysmenorrhea? Also this conclusion implies a causal effect but this study is a cross-sectional study of association?

It mentions “proper nutrition” in the abstract conclusion. Does this mean some of the study participants were not getting proper nutrition?

What were the actual questions used to determine exposure status (i.e. dysmenorrhea)?

More information is required on the sample of participants included in the study. How many students were approached? How many participated? What were the reasons for any exclusions? How were the controls matched? The inclusion criteria for cases is not clear e.g. what does “painless (0 to 3) mean? What were the inclusion criteria for controls?

What were the actual parameters assumed for the sample size calculation? E.g. what effect size was assumed?

I could not follow the methods on how socioeconomic status and nutrition scores were obtained? Please clarify.

In the data analysis section please clarify which test was used for which data.

Were all the potential confounders included in the analysis? E.g. what about smoking, alcohol, and other drug use?

In Table 2 I couldn’t understand what “3182/03” and “1930/12” meant? The education result was not included in table 2? Was there any missing data?

Why were the variables reported in Table 3 included in the logistic regression? Did you use a multivariable model? Why is the result for nutrition score no longer “statistically significant”?

Please interpret the main findings of the study in terms of clinical significance.

Please include a section on limitations of the study including missing confounding variables, potential for selection bias, potential for exposure/outcome misclassification.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

14 Views

23 Jan 2018 | for Version 1

Narjes Bahri, Department of Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

14 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I read the paper carefully and find it good and suitable for publication. Only one point in my opinion needs to be clarified before publication as following:
The two group of study have named "case and control" although the type of study has mentioned:" comparative descriptive study". There is a conflict that must be clarified.

Recommendations for authors:

The type of study would be changed to: cross sectional study
The name of groups would be change to: with dysmenorrhea / and without dysmenorrhea

I hope my recommendation can improve the quality of the paper.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

[1] 1. Berek JS, Novak E: Berek and Novak’s Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. Reference Source

[2] 2. Speroff L, Fritz MA: Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. lippincott Williams & wilkins, 2011. Reference Source

[3] 3. DeCherney A, Nathan L, Goodwin TM, et al.: Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Obstetrics and Gynecology 11e Inkling Chapter. McGraw Hill Professional. 2012. Reference Source

[4] 4. O’Brien PS, Abukhalil IE: Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 180(1 Pt 1): 18–23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Molazem Z, Alhani F, Anooshe M, et al.: Epidemiology of dysmenorrhea with dietary habits and exercise. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(3): 41–5. Reference Source

[6] 6. Kawabata A: Lipid Mediators and Pain Signaling. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011; 34(8): 1170–3.

[7] 7. Mohammadi B, Azamian Jazi A, Fathollahi Shourabeh F: The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Detraining on Some of the Menstrual Disorders in Non-athlete Students in Lorestan Universities. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2012; 18(2): 5–12. Reference Source

[8] 8. Chung FF, Yao CC, Wan GH: The associations between menstrual function and life style/working conditions among nurses in Taiwan. J Occup Health. 2005; 47(2): 149–56. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Proctor M, Farquhar C: Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ. 2006; 332(7550): 1134–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[10] 10. Mahmoodi Z, Karimlou M, Sajjadi H, et al.: Development of mother's lifestyle scale during pregnancy with an approach to social determinants of health. Glob J Health Sci. 2013; 5(3): 208–19. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[11] 11. Committee IR: Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Consultado em. 2005; 20. Reference Source

[12] 12. Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, et al.: Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004; 44(2): 186–92. PubMed Abstract

[13] 13. Hazavehei SM, Asadi Z, Hassanzadeh A, et al.: Comparing the effect of two methods of presenting physical education Π course on the attitudes and practices of female Students towards regular physical activity in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Med Educ. 2008; 8(1): 121–31. Reference Source

[14] 14. Kurtze N, Rangul V, Hustvedt BE, et al.: Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study: HUNT 1. Scand J Public Health. 2008; 36(1): 52–61. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Woolven L: The Smart Woman’s Guide to PMS and Pain-Free Periods. John Wiley & Sons. 2010. Reference Source

[16] 16. Wall PD, Jones M: Defeating pain: The war against a silent epidemic. Springer. 2013. Reference Source

[17] 17. Ekström P, Åkerlund M, Forsling M, et al.: Stimulation of vasopressin release in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and after oral contraceptive treatment--effect on uterine contractility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(8): 680–4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[18] 18. Hudson T: Natural progesterone: Clinical indications in women’s health. Female Patient. 2001; 26(4): 43.

[19] 19. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Hurlock D, et al.: Diet and Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin, Dysmenorrhea, and Premenstrual Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95(2): 245–50. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. Balbi C, Musone R, Menditto A, et al.: Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on menstrual pain in adolescence age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000; 91(2): 143–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[21] 21. Durain D: Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and management update. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004; 49(6): 520–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[22] 22. Fjerbæk A, Knudsen UB: Endometriosis, dysmenorrhea and diet--What is the evidence? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007; 132(2): 140–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al.: International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(8): 1381–95. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[24] 24. White JW Jr: Detection of honey adulteration by carbohydrage analysis. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1980; 63(1): 11–8. PubMed Abstract

[25] 25. Bertelli D, Lolli M, Papotti G, et al.: Detection of honey adulteration by sugar syrups using one-dimensional and two-dimensional high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58(15): 8495–501. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[26] 26. Rezaeyan M, Abdali N, Araban M: Comparing analgesic effects of extra virgin olive oil and Ibuprofen on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea: A crossover clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2014; 9(2): 67–74. Reference Source

[27] 27. Sargolzayi M, Keykhayi N: dyssmenorhea and exercise in women. Journal of medical science. 1377; 3(11–12): 52–5.

[28] 28. Salehi F, Marefati H, Mehrabian H, et al.: Effect of pilates exercise on primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 248–53.

[29] 29. Gannon L: The potential role of exercise in the alleviation of menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms: a theoretical synthesis of recent research. Women Health. 1988; 14(2): 105–27. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[30] 30. Kermanshahi S, Hosseinzadeh S, Alhani F: The effect of the group counseling program on the status of primary dysmenorrhea, dietary condition and exercise in Shahreyar Girl's High School. ZUMS Journal. 2009; 16(65): 49–60. Reference Source

[31] 31. Ezbarami S, Mirzaei B, Esfarjani F: Comparison the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among athletes and non-athletes and its relation with body composition. Arak Medical University Journal. 2014; 16(11): 80–89. Reference Source

[32] 32. Mayo JL: A healthy menstrual cycle. Clin Nutr Insights. 1997; 5(9): 1–8. Reference Source

[33] 33. Smith RP: Netter’s obstetrics and gynecology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2008. Reference Source

[34] 34. Haidari F, Akrami A, Sarhadi M, et al.: Prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its relation to anthropometric parameters. Journal of hayat. 2011; 17(1): 70–7. Reference Source

[35] 35. Harlow SD, Park M: A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996; 103(11): 1134–42. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[36] 36. Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, et al.: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Ups J Med Sci. 2010; 115(2): 138–45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[37] 37. Chung YC, Chen HH, Yeh ML: Acupoint stimulation intervention for people with primary dysmenorrhea: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Complement Ther Med. 2012; 20(5): 353–63. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[38] 38. Abadi Bavil D, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z, et al.: Dataset 1 in: A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea. F1000Research. 2017. Data Source

A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Participants

Data collection

Data analysis

Ethical statement

Results

Table 1. Demographic, obstetric and gynecological characteristics of young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea.

Table 2. Frequency distribution and comparison of nutrition style and physical activity in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea.

Table 3. Logistic regression model of effective factors on primary dysmenorrhea.

Discussion

Conclusion

Data availability

Competing interests

Grant information

Acknowledgements

Supplementary material

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

The problem

How to fix it

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated