Abstract
The study of the angiogenic process and the search for novel therapeutic agents to inhibit, or stimulate, angiogenesis has employed a wide range of in vivo ’angiogenesis’ assays (reviewed in 1–3). These differ greatly in their difficulty, quantitative nature, rapidity, and cost. The classical in vivo models include the rabbit ear chamber, hamster cheek pouch, dorsal skin chamber, dorsal skin and air-sac model, anterior chamber/iris and avascular corneal pocket assay, and the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. More recent methods involve the implantation of preloaded Matrigel or alginate plugs, or collagen or poly vinyl sponges (1). Largely owing to its simplicity and low cost, the CAM is the most widely used in vivo model for the study of both angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis (1,4)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Fan, T.-P. D. and Polverini, P. J. (1997) In: Tumor angiogenesis, (Bicknell, R., Lewis, C. E., and Ferrara, N., eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 5–18.
Jain, R. K., Schlenger, K., Hockel, M., and Yuan, F. (1997) Quantitative angiogenesis assays: progress and problems. Nat. Med. 3, 1203–1208.
Auerbach, R., Auerbach, W., and Polakowski, I. (1991) Assays for angiogenesis: a review. Pharmacol. Ther. 51, 1–11.
Ribatti, D., Vacca, A., Roncali, L., and Dammacco, F. (1996) The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model for in vivo research on angiogenesis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 40, 1189–1197.
Folkman, J. (1974) Tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer Res. 34, 2109–2113.
Auerbach, R., Kubai, L., Knighton, D., and Folkman, J. (1974) A simple procedure for the long-term cultivation of chick embryos. Dev. Biol. 41, 391–394.
Ausprunk, D. H., Knighton, D. R., and Folkman, J. (1974) Differentiation of vascular endothelium in the chick chorioallantois a structural and autoradiographic study. Dev. Biol. 38, 237–249.
Ausprunk, D. H., Knighton, D.R., and Folkman, J. (1975) Vascularization of normal and neoplastic tissues grafted to the chick chorioallantois: role of host and preexisting graft blood vessels. Am. J. Pathol. 79, 597–618.
Folkman, J. (1975) Tumor angiogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 43, 175–203.
Dunn, B., Fitzharris, T. P., and Barnett, B. D. (1981) Effects of varying chamber construction and embryo pre-incubation age on survival and growth of chick embyos in shell-less culture. Anat. Rec. 199, 33–43.
Dugan, J. D. Jr., Lawton, M. T., Glaser, B., and Brem, H. (1981) Anew technique for explantation and in vitro culture of chicken embryos. Anat. Rec. 229, 125–128.
Jakobson, A. M., Hahnenberger, R., and Magnusson, A. (1989) A simple method for shell-less cultivation of chick embryos. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 64, 193–195.
Vu, M. T., Smith, C. F., Berger, P. C., and Klintworth, G. K. (1985) An evaluation of methods to quantitate the chick chorioallatoic membrane assay in angiogenesis. Lab. Invest. 53, 499–508.
Taylor, S. and Folkman, J. (1982) Protamine is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Nature 297, 307–312.
Folkman, J., Langer, R., Lindhardt, R., Haudenschild, C., and Taylor, S. (1983) Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or a heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone. Science 221, 719–725.
Rosenbruch, M. (1989) Granulation tissue in the chick embryo yolk sac blood vessel system. J. Comp. Path. 101, 363–373.
Rosenbruch, M. (1990) Toxicity studies of the incubated chicken egg. With special reference to the extra-embryonal vascular systems. Dermatosen Beruf. Umwelt. 38, 5–11.
Sells, P. G., Richards, A. M., Laing, G. D., and Theakston, R. D. G. (1997) The use of hens’ eggs as an alternative to the conventional in vivo rodent assay for antidotes to haemorrhagic venoms. Toxicon. 35, 1413–1421.
Sells, P. G., Ioannou, P., and Theakston, R. D. G. (1998) A humane alternative to the measurement of the lethal effects (LD50) of non-neurotoxic venoms using hens’ eggs. Toxicon. 36, 985–991.
Ausprunk, D. H. (1982) Synthesis of glycoproteins by endothelial cells in embryonic blood vessels. Dev. Biol. 90, 79–90.
Nace, G. W. and Schechtman, A. M. (1948) Development of non-vitelloid substances in the blood of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool. 108, 217–233.
Sweeney, L. J., Zak, R., and Manasek, F.J. (1987) Transitions in cardiac isomyosin expression during differentiation of the embryonic chick heart. Circ. Res. 61, 287–295.
Lillie, F. R. (1919) The Development of the Chick, 2nd ed. Henry Holt and Co., New York, NY.
Simkiss K. (1980) Water and ionic fluxes inside the egg. Amer. Soc. Zool. 20, 385–393.
Pickering, J. W. and Gladstone, R. J. (1925) The development of blood plasma. Part 1. The Genesis of the coagulable material in embryo chicks. Proc. Royal Soc. London, B (Ser.) 98, 516–522.
Owen, J. J. and Ritter, M. A. (1969) Tissue interaction in the development of thymus lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 129, 431–442.
Leene, W., Duyzings, M. J. M., and von Steeg, C. (1973) Lymphoid stem cell identification in the developing thymus and bursa of fabricus in the chick. Z. Zellforsh. 136, 521–533.
Sugimoto, M., Yasuda, T., and Egashira, Y. (1977) Development of the embryonic chicken thymus. I. Characteristic synchronous morphogenesis of lymphocytes accompanied by the appearance of an embryonic thymus-specific antigen. Dev.Biol. 56, 281–292.
Sugimoto, M., Yasuda, T., and Egashira, Y. (1977) Development of the embryonic chicken thymus. II. Differentiation of the epithelial cells studied by electron microscopy. Dev. Biol. 56, 293–305.
Sugiyama, S. (1926) Origin of thrombocytes and of different types of blood cells as seen in the living chick blastoderm. Contrib. Embryol. 18, 121–149.
Sallstrom, J. F. and Alm, G. V. (1974) Mitogen-reactive lymphocytes in the embryonic thymus in organ culture. Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immun. 47, 388–399.
Wilson, D. J. (1985) Mast cells are present during angiogenesis in the chick extraembryonic vascular system. Experientia 41, 269–271.
Jakob, W., Jentzsch, K. D., Manersberger, B., and Heider, G. (1978) The chick chorioallantoic membrane as bioassay for angiogenesis factors: reactions induced by carrier materials. Exp. Pathol. 15, 241–249.
Spanel-Borowski, K., Schnapper, U., and Heymer, B. (1998) The chick chorioallantoic assay in the assessment of angiogenic factors. Biomed. Res. 9, 253–260.
Wilting, J., Christ, B., and Bokeloh, M. (1991) A modified chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for qualitative and quantitative study of growth factors. Studies on the effects of carriers, PBS, angiogenin and bFGF. Anat. Embryol. 183, 259–271.
Wilting, J., Christ, B., and Weich, H. A. (1992) The effects of growth factors on the day 13 chorioallantoic membrane (CAM): a study of VEGF165and PDGF-BB. Anat. Embryol. 186, 251–257.
Barnhill, R. L. and Ryan, T. J. (1983) Biochemical modulation of angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick-embryo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81, 485–488.
Ryan, T. J. and Barnhill, R. L. (1983) Physical factors in angiogenesis. In: Development of the Vascular System. Ciba Symposium 100 (Nugent, J. and O’Conner, M., eds.). Pitman Books, London, pp. 80–89.
Thompson, W. D. and Kazmi, M. A. (1989) Angiogenic stimulation compared with angiogenic reaction to injury: distinction by focal and general application of trypsin to the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 70, 627–635.
Thompson, W. D., Evans, A. T., and Campbell, R. (1986) The control of fibrogenesis: stimulation and suppression of collagen synthesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane with fibrin degradation products, wound extracts and proteases. J. Pathol. 148, 207–215.
Thompson, W. D., McGuigan, C. J., Snyder, C., Keen, G. A., and Smith, E. B. (1987) Mitogenic activity in human atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 66, 85–93.
Thompson, W. D. and Brown, F. I. (1987) Measurement of angiogenesis: mode of action of histamine in the chick chorioallantoic membrane is indirect. Int. J. Microcirc. 6, 343–357.
Ribatti, D., Roncalj, L., Nico, B., and Bertossi, M. (1987) Effects of exogenous heparin on the vasculogenesis of the chorioallatoic membrane. Acta Anat. 130, 257–263.
Folkman, J. and Cotran, R. (1976) Relation of vascular proliferation to tumor growth. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 16, 207–248.
Form, D. M. and Auerbach, R. (1983) PGE2 and angiogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 172, 214–218.
Phillips, P. and Kumar, S. (1979) Tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) and its neutralization by a xenogeneic antiserum. Intl. J. Cancer 23, 82-.
West, D. C., Hampson, I. N., Arnold, F., and Kumar, S. (1985) Angiogenesis induced by degradation produces of hyaluronic acid. Science 228, 1324–1326.
Dusseau, J. W., Hutchins, P. M., and Malbasa, D. S. (1986) Stimulation of angiogenesis by adenosine on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Circ. Res. 71, 33–44.
Steiner, R. (1992) Angiostatic activity of anticancer agents in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CHE-CAM) assay. In: Angiogenesis: key principles— technology—medicine (Steiner, R., Weisz, P. B., and Langer, R., eds). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 449–454.
Harris-Hooker, S. A., Gajdusek, C. M., Wright, T. N., and Schwartz, S. M. (1983) Neovascular response induced by cultured aortic endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol. 114, 302–310.
Maragoudakis, M. E., Haralabopoulos, G. C., Tsopanoglou, N. E., and Pipili-Synetos, E. (1995) Validation of collagenous protein synthesis as an index for angiogenesis with the use of morphological methods. Microvasc. Res. 50, 215–222.
Voss, K., Jakob, W., and Roth, K. (1984) New image analysis method for the quantification of neovascularization. Exp. Pathol. 26, 155–161.
Strick, D. M., Waycaster, R. L., Montani, J., Gay, W. J., and Adair, T. H. (1991) Morphometric measurements of the chorioallantoic membrane vascularity: effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 29, H1385–H1389.
Nguyen, M., Shing, Y., and Folkman, J. (1994) Quantitation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallatoic membrane. Microvasc. Res. 47, 31–40.
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F., Sambrook, J. (1982) Molecular Cloning—a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Takada, M. and Clark, N. B. (1992) Sodium-dependent short-circuit current across the yolk sac membrane during embryonic development in normal and shell-less cultured chicks. J. Comp. Physiol. [B] 162, 496–501.
Gush, R. J., Thompson, J. M., and Weiss, J. B. (1990) Measurement of blood flow in the chick egg yolk sac membrane. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 14, 205–209.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
West, D.C., Thompson, W.D., Sells, P.G., Burbridge, M.F. (2001). Angiogenesis Assays Using Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane. In: Murray, J.C. (eds) Angiogenesis Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 46. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-143-4:107
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-143-4:107
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-698-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-143-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols