Abstract
Background: Adiponectin is a cytokine produced by adipose tissue with insulin sensitising and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Low plasma adiponectin levels are used as a marker of the metabolic syndrome and incipient type 2 diabetes.
Methods: We carried out a series of studies to determine the short- and long-term variability of plasma adiponectin levels, including diurnal and post-prandial changes. These investigations also included examining the effect of frozen storage on plasma adiponectin levels.
Results: A nested study in 10 overweight subjects with the metabolic syndrome and 10 age- and sex-matched controls showed intra-subject variation in adiponectin levels over a 30-day period of 12.2% and 18.8%, respectively, equivalent to reference change values of 1.7 and 3.6μg/mL. In non-obese subjects, plasma adiponectin levels varied minimally over a 15-month period (baseline, 8.3±2.9μg/mL vs. +15months, 8.2±3.0μg/mL, p=0.95) and showed only minor diurnal and post-prandial changes (pre-meal, 8.2±3.0μg/mL vs. 3h post-prandial, 8.3±3.1μg/mL, p=0.60). The adiponectin assay had an intra-assay variation of 8.8%, with storage at −30°C for 33months or three cycles of freezing and thawing having no discernible effect on adiponectin levels.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that plasma adiponectin levels have relatively low biovariability and that adiponectin can be sampled fasting or non-fasting to provide a reliable marker of insulin resistance and incipient type 2 diabetes.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1264–8.
References
1. Matsuzawa Y. Adiponectin: identification, physiology and clinical relevance in metabolic and vascular disease. Atherosclerosis Suppl 2005; 6:7–14.10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2005.02.003Search in Google Scholar
2. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, et al. Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 1999; 100:2473–6.10.1161/01.CIR.100.25.2473Search in Google Scholar
3. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1930–5.10.1210/jcem.86.5.7463Search in Google Scholar
4. Shand BI, Scott RS, Elder PA, George PM. Plasma adiponectin in overweight, non-diabetic individuals with or without insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003; 5:349–53.10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00279.xSearch in Google Scholar
5. Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, et al. Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2003; 61:226–8.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12255-6Search in Google Scholar
6. Daimon M, Oizumi T, Saitoh T, Kameda W, Hirata A, Yamaguchi H, et al. Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. The Fungata study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2015–20.10.2337/diacare.26.7.2015Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Snehalatha C, Mukesh B, Simon M, Viswanathan V, Haffner SM, Ramachandran A. Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:3226–9.10.2337/diacare.26.12.3226Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Harris EK, Yasaka K. On the calculation of a “reference change” for comparing two consecutive measurements. Clin Chem 1983; 29:25–30.10.1093/clinchem/29.1.25Search in Google Scholar
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). J Am Med Assoc 2001;285:2486–97.10.1001/jama.285.19.2486Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations on man. Diabetologia 1985; 28:412–9.10.1007/BF00280883Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Pischon T, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Adiponectin stability in plasma over 36 hours and within-person variation over 1 year. Clin Chem 2003; 49:650–2.10.1373/49.4.650Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Gavrila A, Peng CK, Chan JL, Mietus JE, Goldberger AL, Mantzoros CS. Diurnal and ultradian dynamics of serum adiponectin in healthy men: comparison with leptin, circulating soluble leptin receptor, and cortisol patterns. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2838–43.10.1210/jc.2002-021721Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Yang Y, Tang JF, Wang QD, Li FY, Shang YB, Zhou LB, et al. The rhythmicity of adiponectin and its relation with glucocorticoids, insulin and leptin [abstract]. Chung-Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih Chinese. J Int Med 2004; 43:515–8.Search in Google Scholar
14. Yildiz BO, Suchard MA, Wong ML, McCann SM, Licinio J. Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:10434–9.10.1073/pnas.0403465101Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
15. English PJ, Coughlin SR, Hayden K, Malik IA, Wilding JP. Plasma adiponectin increases postprandially in obese, but not in lean subjects. Obes Res 2003; 11:839–44.10.1038/oby.2003.115Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Imbeault P, Pomerleau M, Harper ME, Doucet E. Unchanged fasting and postprandial adiponectin levels following a 4-day caloric restriction in young healthy men. Clin Endocrinol 2004; 60:429–33.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.01997.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Peake PW, Kriketos Ad, Denyer GS, Campbell LV, Charlesworth JA. The postprandial response of adiponectin to a high-fat meal in normal and insulin resistant subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:657–62.10.1038/sj.ijo.0802289Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Anders Karlsson F, Engström, Lind L, Öhrvall M. No postprandial increase of plasma adiponectin in obese subjects. Obes Res 2004; 12:1031–2.10.1038/oby.2004.126Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. English PJ, Coughlin SR, Hayden K, Malik IA, Wilding JP. Response: postprandial adiponectin revisited. Obes Res 2004; 12:1032–34.10.1038/oby.2004.127Search in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
