Abstract
Multidrug resistance Plasmodium falciparum is the major health problem in Thailand. Discovery and development of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action is urgently required. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimalarial interaction of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and α-mangostin with the standard antimalarial drugs mefloquine and artesunate in chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (K1) P. falciparum clones in vitro. Median (range) IC50 (drug concentration which produces 50% parasite growth inhibition) values of the 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, α-mangostin, artesunate and mefloquine for 3D7 vs K1 clones were 1.5 (0.9-2.1) vs 1.2 (1.1-1.6) μM, 17.9 (15.7.0-20.0) vs 9.7 (6.0-14.0) μM, 1.0 (0.4-3.0) vs 1.7 (1.0-2.5) nM, and 13.3 (11.1-13.3) vs 7.1 (6.7-12.2) nM, respectively. Analysis of isobologram and combination index (CI) of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone with artesunate or mefloquine showed synergistic and indifference antimalarial interaction, respectively. α-mangostin-artesunate combination exhibited a slight antagonistic effect of antimalarial interaction, whereas α-mangostin and mefloquine combination showed indifference interaction in both clones. The combination of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone with α-mangostin showed the synergistic antimalarial interaction in both clones
References
Akao Y., Nakagawa Y., Iinuma M., Nozawa Y. 2008. Anti-cancer effects of xanthones from pericarps of mangosteen. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9, 355-370Search in Google Scholar
Bennett T.N., Paguio M., Gligorijevic B., Seudieu C., Kosar A.D., Davidson E., Roepe P.D. 2004. Novel, rapid, and inexpensive cell-based quantification of antimalarial drug efficacy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 1807-1810Search in Google Scholar
Bumrungpert A., Kalpravidh R.W., Chuang C.C., Overman A., Martinez K., Kennedy A., McIntosh M. 2010. Xanthones from mangosteen inhibit inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media. Journal of Nutrition, 140, 842-847. DOI: jn.109.120022 [pii]10.3945/jn.109.120022Search in Google Scholar
Carrara V.I., Zwang J., Ashley E.A., Price R.N., Stepniewska K., Barends M., Brockman A., Anderson T., McGready R., Phaiphun L., Proux S., van Vugt M., Hutagalung R., Lwin K.M., Phyo A.P., Preechapornkul P., Imwong M., Pukrittayakamee S., Singhasivanon P., White N.J., Nosten F. 2009. Changes in the treatment responses to artesunate-mefloquine on the northwestern border of Thailand during 13 years of continuous deployment. PloS one, 4, e4551. DOI:10.1371/ journal.pone.0004551Search in Google Scholar
Chaijaroenkul W., Mubaraki M., Ward S.A., Na-Bangchang K., 2014. Metabolite footprinting of Plasmodium falciparum following exposure to Garcinia mangostana Linn. crude extract. Exp Parasitol, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.07.013Search in Google Scholar
Chen L.G., Yang L.L., Wang C.C. 2008. Anti-inflammatory activity of mangostins from Garcinia mangostana. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 688-693. DOI: S0278-6915(07)00444-9[pii] 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.096Search in Google Scholar
Chin Y.W., Jung H.A., Chai H., Keller W.J., Kinghorn A.D. 2008. Xanthones with quinone reductase-inducing activity from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). Phytochemistry, 69, 754-758. DOI: S0031-9422(07)00596-1 [pii]10.1016/ j.phytochem.2007.09.023Search in Google Scholar
Chomnawang M.T., Surassmo S., Wongsariya K., Bunyapraphatsara N. 2009. Antibacterial activity of Thai medicinal plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fitoterapia, 80, 102-104. DOI: S0367-326X(08)00214-1 [pii]10. 1016/j.fitote.2008.10.007Search in Google Scholar
Devi Sampath P., Vijayaraghavan K. 2007. Cardioprotective effect of alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative from mangosteen on tissue defense system against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 21, 336-339. DOI: 10.1002/jbt. 20199Search in Google Scholar
Fivelman Q.L., Adagu I.S., Warhurst D.C. 2004. Modified fixed-ratio isobologram method for studying in vitro interactions between atovaquone and proguanil or dihydroartemisinin against drugresistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 4097-4102. DOI: 48/11/4097 [pii]10.1128/AAC.48.11.4097-4102.2004Search in Google Scholar
Han A.R., Kim J.A., Lantvit D.D., Kardono L.B., Riswan S., Chai H., Carcache de Blanco E.J., Farnsworth N.R., Swanson S.M., Kinghorn A.D. 2009. Cytotoxic xanthone constituents of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen). Journal of Natural Products, 72, 2028-2031. DOI: 10.1021/np900517h Search in Google Scholar
Hay A.E., Helesbeux J.J., Duval O., Labaied M., Grellier P., Richomme P. 2004. Antimalarial xanthones from Calophyllum caledonicum and Garcinia vieillardii. Life Sciences, 75, 3077-3085. DOI: S0024-3205(04)00750-7 [pii]10.1016/ j.lfs.2004.07.009Search in Google Scholar
Ho C.K., Huang Y.L., Chen C.C. 2002. Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative, has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Planta Medica, 68, 975-979. DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-35668Search in Google Scholar
Jung H.A., Su B.N., Keller W.J., Mehta R.G., Kinghorn A.D. 2006. Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 2077-2082. DOI: 10.1021/jf052649z Search in Google Scholar
Kaomongkolgit R., Jamdee K., Chaisomboon N. 2009. Antifungal activity of alpha-mangostin against Candida albicans. Journal of Oral Science, 51, 401-406. DOI: JST.JSTAGE/ josnusd/51.401 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Lannang A.M., Louh G.N., Lontsi D., Specht S., Sarite S.R., Florke U., Hussain H., Hoerauf A., Krohn K. 2008. Antimalarial compounds from the root bark of Garcinia polyantha Olv. The Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo), 61, 518-523. DOI: ST.JSTAGE/antibiotics/61.518 [pii]10.1038/ja.2008.70Search in Google Scholar
Likhitwitayawuid K., Phadungcharoen T., Krungkrai J. 1998. Antimalarial xanthones from Garcinia cowa. Planta Medica, 64, 70-72. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957370Search in Google Scholar
Lim P., Alker A.P., Khim N., Shah N.K., Incardona S., Doung S., Yi P., Bouth D.M., Bouchier C., Puijalon O.M., Meshnick S.R., Wongsrichanalai C., Fandeur T., Le Bras J., Ringwald P., Ariey F. 2009. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malaria Journal, 8, 11. DOI: 1475-2875-8-11 [pii]10.1186/1475-2875-8-11Search in Google Scholar
Mahabusarakam W., Kuaha K., Wilairat P., Taylor W.C. 2006. Prenylated xanthones as potential antiplasmodial substances. Planta Medica, 72, 912-916. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-947190Search in Google Scholar
Meshnick S.R. 2002. Artemisinin: mechanisms of action, resistance and toxicity. International Journal for Parasitology, 32, 1655-1660. DOI: S0020751902001947 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Moongkarndi P., Kosem N., Kaslungka S., Luanratana O., Pongpan N., Neungton N. 2004. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90, 161-166. DOI: S037887410300 3660 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Na-Bangchang K., Ruengweerayut R., Mahamad P., Ruengweerayut K., Chaijaroenkul W. 2010. Declining in efficacy of a threeday combination regimen of mefloquine-artesunate in a multidrug resistance area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Malaiar Journal, 9, DOI: 273.1475-2875-9-273[pii]10.1186/1475-9-2875-273Search in Google Scholar
Nabandith V., Suzui M., Morioka T., Kaneshiro T., Kinjo T., Matsumoto K., Akao Y., Iinuma M., Yoshimi N. 2004. Inhibitory effects of crude alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative, on two different categories of colon preneoplastic lesions induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in the rat. Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention, 5, 433-438Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen L.H., Venkatraman G., Sim K.Y., Harrison L.J. 2005. Xanthones and benzophenones from Garcinia griffithii and Garcinia mangostana. Phytochemistry, 66, 1718-1723Search in Google Scholar
Noedl H., Se Y., Schaecher K., Smith B.L., Socheat D., Fukuda M.M. 2008. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2619-2620. DOI: NEJMc0805011 [pii]10.1056/NEJMc080 5011Search in Google Scholar
Obolskiy D., Pischel I., Siriwatanametanon N., Heinrich M. 2009. Garcinia mangostana L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytotherapy Research 23, 1047-1065. DOI: 10. 1002/ptr.2730Search in Google Scholar
Pedraza-Chaverri J., Cardenas-Rodriguez N., Orozco-Ibarra M., Perez-Rojas J.M. 2008. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 3227-3239. DOI: S0278-6915(08)00419-5 [pii]10.1016/j.fct. 2008.07.024Search in Google Scholar
Rogers W.O., Sem R., Tero T., Chim P., Lim P., Muth S., Socheat D., Ariey F., Wongsrichanalai C. 2009. Failure of artesunatemefloquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southern Cambodia. Malaria Journal, 8, 10. DOI: 1475-2875-8-10 [pii]10.1186/1475-2875-8-10Search in Google Scholar
Sakagami Y., Iinuma M., Piyasena K.G., Dharmaratne H.R. 2005. Antibacterial activity of alpha-mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics. Phytomedicine, 12, 203-208Search in Google Scholar
Shan T., Ma Q., Guo K., Liu J., Li W., Wang F., Wu E. 2011. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Current Molecular Medicine, 11, 666-677. DOI: BSP/CMM/E- Pub/00132 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Smilkstein M., Sriwilaijaroen N., Kelly J.X., Wilairat P., Riscoe M. 2004. Simple and inexpensive fluorescence-based technique for high-throughput antimalarial drug screening. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 1803-1806Search in Google Scholar
Suksamrarn S., Komutiban O., Ratananukul P., Chimnoi N., Lartpornmatulee N., Suksamrarn A. 2006. Cytotoxic prenylated xanthones from the young fruit of Garcinia mangostana. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo), 54, 301-305. DOI: JST.JSTAGE/cpb/54.301 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Thiengsusuk A., Chaijaroenkul W., Na-Bangchang K., 2013. Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants and herbal formulations used in Thai traditional medicine. Parasitol Res, 112, 1475-1481. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3294-6 Search in Google Scholar
Tona L., Cimanga R.K., Mesia K., Musuamba C.T., De Bruyne T., Apers S., Hernans N., Van Miert S., Pieters L., Totte J., Vlietinck A.J. 2004. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93, 27-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.022S0378874104000844 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
Vijaykadga S., Rojanawatsirivej C., Cholpol S., Phoungmanee D., Nakavej A., Wongsrichanalai C. 2006. In vivo sensitivity monitoring of mefloquine monotherapy and artesunatemefloquine combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand in 2003. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11, 211-219. DOI: TMI1557 [pii]10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01557.x Search in Google Scholar
Wongsrichanalai C., Pickard A.L., Wernsdorfer W.H., Meshnick S.R. 2002. Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, 209-218. DOI:S1473309902002396 [pii] Search in Google Scholar
© 2015
