Effects of hormones on platelet aggregation

References

1. Bizzozero J. On a new blood particle and its role in thrombosis and blood coagulation. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1882;90:261–332.10.1007/BF01931360Search in Google Scholar

2. Eberth J, Schimmelbusch C. Expirimentelle Untersuchungen uber Thrombose. Die Anfange der Thrombenbildiung. Fortschr Med 1885;3:379–89.Search in Google Scholar

3. de Groot PG, Urbanus RT, Roest M. Platelet interaction with the vessel wall. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;210:87–110.10.1007/978-3-642-29423-5_4Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Minuz P, Patrignani P, Gaino S, Degan M, Menapace L, Tommasoli R, Seta F, Capone ML, Tacconelli S, Palatresi S, Bencini C, Del Vecchio C, Mansueto G, Arosio E, Santonastaso CL, Lechi A, Morganti A, Patrono C. Increased oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with hypertension and renovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2800–5.10.1161/01.CIR.0000039528.49161.E9Search in Google Scholar

5. Aviram M, Fuhrman B, Keidar S, Maor I, Rosenblat M, Dankner G, Brook G. Platelet-modified low density lipoprotein induces macrophage cholesterol accumulation and platelet activation. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1989;27:3–12.10.1515/cclm.1989.27.1.3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Marcus AJ, Safier LB, Broekman MJ, Islam N, Fliessbach JH, Hajjar KA, Kaminski WE, Jendraschak E, Silverstein RL, von Schacky C. Thrombosis and inflammation as multicellular processes: significance of cell-cell interactions. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:213–7.10.1055/s-0038-1642679Search in Google Scholar

7. Khetawat G, Faraday N, Nealen ML, Vijayan KV, Bolton E, Noga SJ, Bray PF. Human megakaryocytes and platelets contain the estrogen receptor beta and androgen receptor (AR): testosterone regulates AR expression. Blood 2000;95:2289–96.10.1182/blood.V95.7.2289Search in Google Scholar

8. Radley JM, Haller CJ. The demarcation membrane system of the megakaryocyte: a misnomer? Blood 1982;60:213–9.10.1182/blood.V60.1.213.213Search in Google Scholar

9. Leven RM. Megakaryocyte motility and platelet formation. Scanning Microsc 1987;1:1701–9.Search in Google Scholar

10. Ault KA, Knowles C. In vivo biotinylation demonstrates that reticulated platelets are the youngest platelets in circulation. Exp Hematol1995;23:996–1001.Search in Google Scholar

11. Denis MM, Tolley ND, Bunting M, Schwertz H, Jiang H, Lindemann S, Yost CC, Rubner FJ, Albertine KH, Swoboda KJ, Fratto CM, Tolley E, Kraiss LW, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Weyrich AS. Escaping the nuclear confines: signal-dependent pre-mRNA splicing in anucleate platelets. Cell 2005;122:379–91.10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Langer HF, Bigalke B, Seizer P, Stellos K, Fateh-Moghadam S, Gawaz M. Semin Thromb Hemost. Interaction of platelets and inflammatory endothelium in the development and progression of coronary artery disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010;36:131–8.10.1055/s-0030-1251496Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. McEver RP. Adhesive interactions of leukocytes, platelets, and the vessel wall during hemostasis and inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:746–56.10.1055/s-0037-1616128Search in Google Scholar

14. Coppinger JA, Cagney G, Toomey S, Kislinger T, Belton O, McRedmond JP, Cahill DJ, Emili A, Fitzgerald DJ, Maguire PB. Characterization of the proteins released from activated platelets leads to localization of novel platelet proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions. Blood 2004;103:2096–104.10.1182/blood-2003-08-2804Search in Google Scholar

15. Mackie JJ. Oxford textbook of medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996:3613.Search in Google Scholar

16. Bennett JS. Structure and function of the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3363–9.10.1172/JCI26989Search in Google Scholar

17. Gachet C, Cazenave JP. ADP induced blood platelet activation: a review. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1991;33:347–58.Search in Google Scholar

18. Smith CC, Curtis LD, Delamothe AP, Prichard BN, Betteridge DJ. The distribution of catecholamines between platelets and plasma in normal human subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 1985;69:1–6.10.1042/cs0690001Search in Google Scholar

19. Peirce NS, Forster CD, Heptinstall S, Macdonald IA. Unexpected changes in the catecholamine content of platelets and plasma during exercise. Platelets 1999;10:312–8.10.1080/09537109975951Search in Google Scholar

20. Wachtogel YT, Musial J, Jenkin B, Niewiarowski S, Edmunds LH Jr, Colman RW. Loss of platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors during simulated extracorporeal circulation: prevention with prostaglandin E1. J Lab Clin Med 1985;105:601–7.Search in Google Scholar

21. Hollister AS, FitzGerald GA, Nadeau JH, Robertson D. Acute reduction in human platelet alpha 2-adrenoreceptor affinity for agonist by endogenous and exogenous catecholamines. J Clin Invest 1983;72:1498–505.10.1172/JCI111106Search in Google Scholar

22. Jakobs KH, Saur W, Schultz G. Characterization of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors linked to human platelet adenylate cyclase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1978;302: 285–91.10.1007/BF00508297Search in Google Scholar

23. Spalding A, Vaitkevicius H, Dill S, MacKenzie S, Schmaier A, Lockette W. Mechanism of epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. Hypertension 1998;31:603–7.10.1161/01.HYP.31.2.603Search in Google Scholar

24. Crouch MF, Lapetina EG. Dual mechanisms of platelet hormone receptor desensitization. Differential importance between agonists of protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 1989;264:584–8.Search in Google Scholar

25. Kjeldsen SE, Weder AB, Egan B, Neubig R, Zweifler AJ, Julius S. Effect of circulating epinephrine on platelet function and hematocrit. Hypertension 1995;25:1096–105.10.1161/01.HYP.25.5.1096Search in Google Scholar

26. Sweatt JD, Blair IA, Cragoe EJ, Limbird LE. Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange block epinephrine- and ADP-induced stimulation of human platelet phospholipase C by blockade of arachidonic acid release at a prior step. J Biol Chem 1986;261:8660–6.10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84431-9Search in Google Scholar

27. Eliasson K, Hjemdahl P, Kahan T. Circulatory and sympatho-adrenal responses to stress in borderline and established hypertension. J Hypertens 1983;1:131–9.10.1097/00004872-198308000-00004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Dimsdale JE, Moss J. Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. J Am Med Assoc 1980;243:340–2.10.1001/jama.1980.03300300018017Search in Google Scholar

29. Larsson PT, Wallén NH, Egberg N, Hjemdahl P. Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine inhibits adrenaline-induced platelet activation in vivo without affecting resting measurements. Clin Sci (Lond) 1992;82:369–76.10.1042/cs0820369Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Larsson PT, Wallén NH, Martinsson A, Egberg N, Hjemdahl P. Significance of platelet beta-adrenoceptors for platelet responses in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:687–93.10.1055/s-0038-1646345Search in Google Scholar

31. Larsson PT, Olsson G, Angelin B, Granström E, Hansson G, Hjemdahl P. Metoprolol does not reduce platelet aggregability during sympatho-adrenal stimulation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42:413–21.10.1007/BF00280128Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Yang XP, Reckelhoff JF. Estrogen, hormonal replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011;20:133–8.10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283431921Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Faraday N, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Bray PF. Gender differences in platelet GPIIb-IIIa activation. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:748–54.10.1055/s-0038-1656045Search in Google Scholar

34. Chen LY, Mehta JL. Further evidence of the presence of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human platelets. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27:154–8.10.1097/00005344-199601000-00024Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Marcus AJ, Silk ST, Safier LB, Ullman HL. Superoxide production and reducing activity in human platelets. J Clin Invest 1977;59:149–58.10.1172/JCI108613Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Ajayi AA, Mathur R, Halushka PV. Testosterone increases human platelet thromboxane A2 receptor density and aggregation responses. Circulation 1995;91:2742–7.10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2742Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Johnson M, Ramey E, Ramwell PW. Sex and age differences in human platelet aggregation. Nature 1975;253:355–7.10.1038/253355a0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Wattel E, Cambier N, Caulier MT, Sautiere D, Bauters F, Fenaux P. Androgen therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes with thrombocytopenia: a report on 20 cases. Br J Haematol 1994;87:205–8.10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04895.xSearch in Google Scholar

39. Sullivan PS, Jackson CW, McDonald TP. Castration decreases thrombocytopoiesis and testosterone restores platelet production in castrated BALB/c mice: evidence that testosterone acts on a bipotential hematopoietic precursor cell. J Lab Clin Med 1995;125:326–33.Search in Google Scholar

40. Bord S, Frith E, Ireland DC, Scott MA, Craig JI, Compston JE. Estrogen stimulates differentiation of megakaryocytes and modulates their expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. J Cell Biochem 2004;92:249–57.10.1002/jcb.20035Search in Google Scholar

41. Bracamonte MP, Rud KS, Owen WG, Miller VM. Ovariectomy increases mitogens and platelet-induced proliferation of arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:H853–60.10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2002Search in Google Scholar

42. Fox SW, Chambers TJ. The effect of oestrogen on megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet counts in vivo. Int J Cardiol 2006;109:359–66.10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.037Search in Google Scholar

43. Jayachandran M, Miller VM. Human platelets contain estrogen receptor alpha, caveolin-1 and estrogen receptor associated proteins. Platelets 2003;14:75–81.10.1080/0953710031000080562Search in Google Scholar

44. Carreras E, Turner S, Paharkova-Vatchkova V, Mao A, Dascher C, Kovats S. Estradiol acts directly on bone marrow myeloid progenitors to differentially regulate GM-CSF or Flt3 ligand-mediated dendritic cell differentiation. J Immunol 2008;180:727–38.10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.727Search in Google Scholar

45. López-Farré AJ, Zamorano-Leon JJ, Azcona L, Modrego J, Mateos-Cáceres PJ, González-Armengol J, Villarroel P, Moreno-Herrero R, Rodríguez-Sierra P, Segura A, Tamargo J, Macaya C. Proteomic changes related to “bewildered” circulating platelets in the acute coronary syndrome. Proteomics 2011;11:3335–48.10.1002/pmic.201000708Search in Google Scholar

46. Becker DM, Segal J, Vaidya D, Yanek LR, Herrera-Galeano JE, Bray PF, Moy TF, Becker LC, Faraday N. Sex differences in platelet reactivity and response to low-dose aspirin therapy. J Am Med Assoc 2006;295:1420–7.10.1001/jama.295.12.1420Search in Google Scholar

47. Matsuda K, Mathur RS, Ullian ME, Halushka PV. Sex steroid regulation of thromboxane A2 receptors in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandins 1995;49:183–96.10.1016/0090-6980(95)00020-BSearch in Google Scholar

48. Higashiura K, Mathur RS, Halushka PV. Gender-related differences in androgen regulation of thromboxane A2 receptors in rat aortic smooth-muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997;29:311–5.10.1097/00005344-199703000-00002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Caulin-Glaser T, García-Cardeña G, Sarrel P, Sessa WC, Bender JR. 17 beta-estradiol regulation of human endothelial cell basal nitric oxide release, independent of cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization. Circ Res 1997;81:885–92.10.1161/01.RES.81.5.885Search in Google Scholar

50. Herman SM, Robinson JT, McCredie RJ, Adams MR, Boyer MJ, Celermajer DS. Androgen deprivation is associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent dilatation in adult men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2004–9.10.1161/01.ATV.17.10.2004Search in Google Scholar

51. Arora S, Veves A, Caballaro AE, Smakowski P, LoGerfo FW. Estrogen improves ndothelial function. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:1141–6.10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70016-3Search in Google Scholar

52. Nakano Y, Oshima T, Ozono R, Ueda A, Oue Y, Matsuura H, Sanada M, Ohama K, Chayama K, Kambe M. Estrogen replacement suppresses function of thrombin stimulated platelets by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx and raising cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:634–41.10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00410-2Search in Google Scholar

53. Leng XH, Zhang W, Nieswandt B, Bray PF. Effects of estrogen replacement therapies on mouse platelet function and glycoprotein VI levels. Circ Res 2005;97:415–7.10.1161/01.RES.0000181025.43762.cfSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Jayachandran M, Mukherjee R, Steinkamp T, LaBreche P, Bracamonte MP, Okano H, Owen WG, Miller VM. Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol, conjugated equine estrogen, and raloxifene on mRNA expression, aggregation, and secretion in platelets. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;288: H2355–62.10.1152/ajpheart.01108.2004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Jayachandran M, Owen WG, Miller VM. Effects of ovariectomy on aggregation, secretion, and metalloproteinases in porcine platelets. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284:H1679–85.10.1152/ajpheart.00958.2002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J, Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:321–33.10.1001/jama.288.3.321Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Wiegratz I, Kuhl H. Progestogen therapies: differences in clinical effects? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004;15:277–85.10.1016/j.tem.2004.06.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Toorians AW, Thomassen MC, Zweegman S, Magdeleyns EJ, Tans G, Gooren LJ, Rosing J. Venous thrombosis and changes of hemostatic variables during cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5723–9.10.1210/jc.2003-030520Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Jick H, Jick SS, Gurewich V, Myers MW, Vasilakis C. Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. Lancet 1995;346:1589–93.10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91928-7Search in Google Scholar

60. Jick H, Kaye JA, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick SS. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with Ievonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis. Br Med J 2000;321:1190–5.10.1136/bmj.321.7270.1190Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Weiss EJ, Bray PF, Tayback M, Schulman SP, Kickler TS, Becker LC, Weiss JL, Gerstenblith G, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. A polymorphism of a platelet glycoprotein receptor as an inherited risk factor for coronary thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1090–4.10.1056/NEJM199604253341703Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Zotz RB, Klein M, Dauben HP, Moser C, Gams E, Scharf RE. Prospective analysis after coronary-artery bypass grafting: platelet GP IIIa polymorphism (HPA-1b/PlA2) is a risk factor for bypass occlusion, myocardial infarction, and death. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:404–7.10.1055/s-0037-1613827Search in Google Scholar

63. Bray PF, Howard TD, Vittinghoff E, Sane DC, Herrington DM. Effect of genetic variations in platelet glycoproteins Ibalpha and VI on the risk for coronary heart disease events in postmenopausal women taking hormone therapy. Blood 2007;109:1862–9.10.1182/blood-2006-03-013151Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Maree AO, Fitzgerald DJ. Aspirin and coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost 2004;92:1175–81.10.1160/TH04-02-0127Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Schror K. Aspirin and platelets: the antiplatelet action of aspirin and its role in thrombosis treatment and prophylaxis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1997;23:349–56.10.1055/s-2007-996108Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. López-Farré A, Caramelo C, Esteban A, Alberola ML, Millás I, Montón M, Casado S. Effects of aspirin on platelet-neutrophil interactions. Role of nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Circulation 1995;91:2080–8.10.1161/01.CIR.91.7.2080Search in Google Scholar

67. Grosser N, Schröder H. Aspirin protects endothelial cells from oxidant damage via the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1345–51.10.1161/01.ATV.0000083296.57581.AESearch in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Becker DM, Segal J, Vaidya D. Sex differences in platelet reactivity and response to low-dose aspirin therapy. J Am Med Assoc 295;2006:1420–7.10.1001/jama.295.12.1420Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 2006;295:306–13.10.1001/jama.295.3.306Search in Google Scholar

70. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH; CLASSICS Investigators; CLASSICS Investigators. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting : the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 2000;102:624–9.10.1161/01.CIR.102.6.624Search in Google Scholar

71. Jochmann N, Stangl K, Garbe E, Baumann G, Stangl V. Female-specific aspects in the pharmacotherapy of chronic cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1585–95.10.1093/eurheartj/ehi397Search in Google Scholar

72. Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Malinin AI, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:246–51.10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.067Search in Google Scholar

73. Price MJ. Monitoring platelet function to reduce the risk of ischemic and bleeding complications. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:35A–39A.10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.022Search in Google Scholar

74. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, Malmberg K, Rupprecht H, Zhao F, Chrolavicius S, Copland I, Fox KA, Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events trial (CURE) Investigators. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001;358:527–33.10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05701-4Search in Google Scholar

75. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd, Fry ET, DeLago A, Wilmer C, Topol EJ, CREDO Investigators, Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:2411–20.10.1001/jama.288.19.2411Search in Google Scholar

76. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, López-Sendón JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, Claeys MJ, Cools F, Hill KA, Skene AM, McCabe CH, Braunwald E, CLARITY-TIMI 28 Investigators. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1179–89.10.1056/NEJMoa050522Search in Google Scholar

77. Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, Xie JX, Pan HC, Peto R, Collins R, Liu LS; COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366: 1607–21.10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67660-XSearch in Google Scholar

78. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Flather MD, Haffner SM, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Brennan DM, Fabry-Ribaudo L, Booth J, Topol EJ, CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1706–17.10.1056/NEJMoa060989Search in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Berger JS, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, Chen Z, Jiang L, Jones JB, Mehta SR, Sabatine MS, Steinhubl SR, Topol EJ, Berger PB. The relative efficacy and safety of clopidogrel in women and men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1935–45.10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.074Search in Google Scholar

80. Angiolillo DJ, Suryadevara S, Capranzano P, Bass TA. Prasugrel: a novel platelet ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist. A review on its mechanism of action and clinical development. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9:2893–900.10.1517/14656566.9.16.2893Search in Google Scholar

81. Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, Wilcox RG, Chang WC, Lee KL, Akkerhnis KM, Harrington RA, Deckers JW, Armstrong PW, Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Predictors of outcome in patients with acute coronary cyndromes without persistent ST-Segment elevation: results from an international trial of 9461 patients. Circulation 2000;101:2557–67.10.1161/01.CIR.101.22.2557Search in Google Scholar

82. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy, I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 1994;308: 81–106.10.1136/bmj.308.6921.81Search in Google Scholar

83. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, Gordon D, Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1293–304.10.1056/NEJMoa050613Search in Google Scholar

84. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Ménard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998;351:1755–62.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04311-6Search in Google Scholar

85. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F, de Torbal A, Armstrong PW, Wallentin LC, Wilcox RG, Simes J, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2002;359:189–98.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07442-1Search in Google Scholar