ABSTRACT

Background

: Bariatric surgery promotes significant weight loss and improvement of associated comorbidities; however, nutrients deficiencies and weight regain may occur in the middle-late postoperative period.

Aim:

To investigate nutritional status in 10 years follow-up.

Methods

: Longitudinal retrospective study in which anthropometric, biochemical indicators and nutritional intake were assessed before and after one, two, three, four, five and ten years of Roux-en Y gastric bypass through analysis of medical records.

Results

: After ten years there was a reduction of 29.2% of initial weight; however, 87.1% of patients had significant weight regain. Moreover, there was an increase of incidence of iron (9.2% to 18.5%), vitamin B12 (4.2% to 11.1%) and magnesium deficiency (14.1% to 14.8%). Folic acid concentrations increased and the percentage of individuals with glucose (40.4% to 3.7%), triglycerides (38% to 7.4%), HDL cholesterol (31 % to 7.4%) and uric acid (70.5% to 11.1%) abnormalities reduced. Also, there is a reduction of food intake at first year postoperative. After 10 years, there was an increase in energy, protein and lipid intake, also a reduction in folid acid intake.

Conclusions

: Roux-en Y gastric bypass is an effective procedure to promote weight loss and improve comorbidities associated with obesity. However, comparison between postoperative period of five and 10 years showed a high prevalence of minerals deficiency and a significant weight regain, evidencing the need for nutritional follow-up in the postoperative period.

HEADINGS:
Obesity; Bariatric surgery; Nutritional deficiencies; Weight regain

RESUMO

Racional:

A cirurgia bariátrica promove importante perda ponderal e melhora das comorbidades associadas; entretanto, deficiências nutricionais e reganho de peso podem ocorrer no pós-operatório médio e tardio.

Objetivo:

Investigar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes após cinco e 10 anos de pós-operatório.

Método:

Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal, no qual indicadores antropométricos, bioquímicos e a ingestão alimentar foram avaliados no período pré-operatório e após um, dois, três, quatro, cinco e dez anos da operação, por meio de revisão de prontuários.

Resultados:

Após 10 anos observou-se redução de 29,2% do peso inicial; no entanto, 87,1% dos pacientes tiveram reganho significativo de peso. Além disso, houve aumento da incidência de deficiência de ferro (9,2% para 18,5%), vitamina B12 (4,2% para 11,1%) e magnésio (14,1% para 14,8%). As concentrações de ácido fólico aumentaram e a porcentagem de indivíduos com alterações na glicemia (40,4% a 3,7%), triglicérides (38% a 7,4%), colesterol HDL (31% a 7,4%) e ácido úrico (70,5% a 11,1%) diminuiu. Além disso, houve redução na ingestão alimentar no primeiro ano de pós-operatório. Após 10 anos, houve aumento na ingestão de energia, proteína e lipídios, e redução na de ácido fólico.

Conclusões:

A derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux é procedimento eficaz para promover perda de peso e melhorar as comorbidades associadas à obesidade. Entretanto, a comparação entre os períodos pós-operatórios de cinco e 10 anos mostrou que uma porcentagem de pacientes apresenta deficiências de vitaminas e minerais e reganho de peso significativo, evidenciando a necessidade do acompanho nutricional no período pós-operatório.

DESCRITORES:
Obesidade; Cirurgia bariátrica; Deficiencias nutricionais; Reganho de peso

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a chronic disease that affects millions of individuals and its incidence has been increased in pandemic proportions²⁷27 Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2014; 384 (9945): 766-781.. Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment, resulting in significant weight loss, as well as improvement of associated comorbidities¹⁸18 Kanerva N, Larsson I, Peltonen M, Lindroos AK, Carlsson LM. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as determinants of energy intake and macronutrient composition: a 10-year follow-up after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017; 13(9):1572-1583.^,1919 Kapoor N, Al-Najim W, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Shifts in Food Preferences After Bariatric Surgery: Observational Reports and Proposed Mechanisms. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6(3): 246-252.. Considering surgical techniques, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure¹⁸18 Kanerva N, Larsson I, Peltonen M, Lindroos AK, Carlsson LM. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as determinants of energy intake and macronutrient composition: a 10-year follow-up after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017; 13(9):1572-1583.^,1919 Kapoor N, Al-Najim W, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Shifts in Food Preferences After Bariatric Surgery: Observational Reports and Proposed Mechanisms. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6(3): 246-252..

Despite the favorable results associated with bariatric surgery, nutritional deficiencies, due to changes in dietary intake, as well as reduction of gastric capacity and intestinal absorption surface, are very common¹⁰10 Dogan K, Homan J, Aarts EO, de Boer H, van Laarhoven CJHM, Berends FJ. Long-term nutritional status in patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Clin Nutr. 2018; 37(2): 612-617.^,3939 Via MA, Mechanick JI. Nutritional and Micronutrient Care of Bariatric Surgery Patients: Current Evidence Update. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6(3): 286-296.. Thus, micronutrient supplementation is recommended to prevent post-surgical deficiencies¹⁰10 Dogan K, Homan J, Aarts EO, de Boer H, van Laarhoven CJHM, Berends FJ. Long-term nutritional status in patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Clin Nutr. 2018; 37(2): 612-617.^,3838 Trindade EM, Gebara TSES, Cambi MPC, Baretta GAP. Nutritional aspects and the use of nutritional supplements by women who underwent gastric bypass. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017; 30(1): 11-13.. In addition, several long-term studies have identified recovery of weight lost in a portion of patients submitted to the surgery, which can be attributed to the presence of eating disorders, dilation of the gastric pouch, physical inactivity, endocrine and metabolic changes ²2 Barhouch AS, Padoin AV, Casagrande DS, Chatkin R, Süssenbach SP, Pufal MA, et al. Predictors of Excess Weight Loss in Obese Patients After Gastric Bypass: a 60-Month Follow-up. Obes Surg. 2016; 26(6):1178-1185.^,88 Cooper TC, Simmons EB, Webb K, Burns JL, Kushner RF. Trends in Weight Regain Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2015; 25(8): 1474-1481.^,1717 Jirapinyo P, Dayyeh BKA, Thompson CC. Weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has a large negative impact on the Bariatric Quality of Life Index. Bmj Open Gastro. 2017; 4(1).^,2121 Kushner RF, Sorensen KW. Prevention of Weight Regain Following Bariatric Surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2015; 4(2):198-206.^,2828 Nicoletti CF, de Oliveira BA, de Pinhel MA, Donati B, Marchini JS, Salgado Junior W, et al. Influence of Excess Weight Loss and Weight Regain on Biochemical Indicators During a 4-Year Follow-up After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg. 2015; 25(2): 279-284. .

Given the importance of evaluating patients submitted to RYGB in the mid-late postoperative period, this study aimed to assess the evolution of nutritional status, including changes in the anthropometric and biochemical profile in a ten years follow-up, contributing to a better understanding of nutritional consequences.

METHODS

Patients and study design

All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standard. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

This longitudinal retrospective study enrolled mixed ethnicity obese patients (body mass index - BMI>35 kg/m²) who underwent bariatric surgery by RYGB technique between years 2000 and 2009 at the bariatric surgery center of a Brazilian public hospital. Patients who had undergone modification in RYGB, those who died and patients who lost follow-up with the medical team were excluded from the study.

Anthropometric, biochemical and nutritional intake data collection from preoperative and postoperative time (one, two, three, four, five and ten years after surgery) was performed by analyzes of medical records. The study included all patients undergoing RYGB in this service at least ten years after surgery.

Surgical procedure

Surgery consisted in a reduction of gastric capacity (small gastric portion between 20-50 ml) and a gastric bypass of the duodenum and proximal jejunum with foods and biliary tracts measuring approximately 100 cm. All surgeries were laparotomic performed by the same team of surgeons. All patients used multivitamin-mineral supplementation daily, starting on the 15^th day after surgery. According to this recommendation, they ingested one capsule per day of the Maternal^® supplement.

Phenotic characteristics

Anthropometric evaluation was performed with weight, height, BMI, percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) and weight regain. The %EWL was calculated by the difference between the preoperative weight and the ideal weight (BMI=22 kg/m²). The weight regain (%) was calculated by the percentage difference between the final weight in the postoperative period of ten years and the lowest weight achieved during this postoperative period. A 10% cut was defined to indicate the occurrence of significant recovered weight¹⁶16 Nicoletti CF, de Oliveira BAP, Pinhel MAS, Donati B, Marchini JS, Salgado Junior W, Nonino CB. Influence of Excess Weight Loss and Weight Regainon Biochemical Indicators During a 4-Year Follow-up After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg. 2015; 25: 279-284..

Biochemical parameters [glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), fraction of high density lipoprotein (HDLc), fraction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), triglycerides (TG), hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, iron binding capacity, magnesium, calcium, vitamin B12, folic acid, total protein, albumin, uric acid, zinc, inorganic phosphorus, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] were determined according to tests performed routinely by the Center for Bariatric Surgery.

Dietary intake was evaluated with 24-h food recall and the energy, macronutrient (carbohydrate, protein and lipid) and micronutrients (iron, calcium, folic acid and vitamin B12) intake were estimated through specific software. Also, vomiting and the ease/difficulty of ingesting specific foods were assessed according to patients’ reports (yes or no, objective questions).

Statistical analysis

Values were expressed as mean±standard deviation. The linear regression model with mixed effects was used for the longitudinal evaluation of anthropometric and biochemical variables, with SAS^® 9.3 software support, using PROC MIXED. It was established as significant p<0.05.

RESULTS

Until the present moment, 830 bariatric procedures have been performed in referred hospital. Of this number of patients, 441and 110 completed five and 10 years postoperatively, respectively and their medical records were select for the present study. Of them, 82.7% were female and mean age was 44.4±10.4 years.

According to the anthropometric indicators in the pre- and postoperative period (Table 1), weight reduction was observed until the second year after the operation and maintenance of the values in the following three years. After five years, the total weight loss was 34.3%, corresponding to 59.8% of the excess weight. In fact, 75.3% of the patients reached more than 50% of %EWL in this period. However, despite weight loss by a large percentage of patients, it was observed that 40% had a significant weight gain after five years of RYGB. The classification of nutritional status by BMI showed a reduction in the number of patients with grade III obesity, but only 4.8% reached normal weight status. More interestingly, even though there was a weight loss of 29.2% of preoperative weight after 10 years of RYGB, corresponding to 51.5% of the excess weight, this period was evidenced by the larger number of patients (87.1%) that regained the weight lost.

Table 2 shows fasting blood glucose and lipid profile before and after surgery. We noted that the major changes occurred in the first postoperative year, with a significant reduction in glycemia and triglycerides and an increase in HDLc concentrations. These changes remained until the 10^th year postoperatively. Decreased values of serum and LDLc were observed in the first year after surgery. However, after five years, 23% and 18% of the patients presented increased CT and LDLc, respectively, which remained until the end of the study.

Futhermore, serum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels reduced and maintained until the end of the study. Ferritin decreased significantly until the second postoperative year without changes in values after this period. In the first and second postoperative years, an increase was evident in iron concentrations. However, after 10 years, 18.5% and 11.1% of the patients had iron and ferritin deficiency, respectively (Table 3).

A reduction in total protein and vitamin B12 concentrations was also observed after the first year. Nonetheless, there were no changes in albumin concentrations and an increase in serum folic acid levels. After 10 years of follow-up, 11.1% of the patients had vitamin B12 deficiency (Table 4).

Table 5 shows the biochemical indicators of mineral metabolism. There was a decrease in serum zinc concentrations up to the second postoperative year, with no significant changes afterwards. Five years after RYGB, serum calcium decreased and after 10 years there was a significant increase, while inorganic phosphorus concentrations remained unchanged. The values of sodium and potassium increased, respectively, for the first and second year of treatment, with maintenance in the following years. Magnesium concentration increased one year after surgery, but was reduced after 10 years. It is important to highlight that ten years after the procedure, the percentage of magnesium deficiency was 14.8%.

Also, in the first postoperative year, there was a reduction in serum levels of uric acid and urea, but there is no change in creatinine levels. Hepatic indicators (gamma-GT, AST and ALT) decreased during the first year after RYGB and up to the 5^th postoperative year. The percentage of individuals with changes in serum uric acid, Gamma GT, AST at the end of the study was, respectively, 11.1%, 3.7% and 7.4% (Table 6).

A reduction in the consumption of calories, macronutrients, iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid were observed from at first year postoperative, with no difference until five years of follow-up. Calcium intake increased at 1^st year after surgery, and decrease after the second, thus maintaining this intake at five years postoperative time (Table 7). After 10 years, there was an increase in energy, protein and lipid intake, also a reduction in folid acid intake.

After five years of RYGB, vomiting was reported by 69% of the patients. The occurrence of these was associated with specific food intake by 63% of the patients, mainly meat (65%) and rice (41%). Only 15% of patients reported accepting all types of food well. It was observed a better tolerance to white meat (77%) compared to red meat (41%) and better tolerance to bread (87%) and pasta (69%) compared to rice (56%). About 20% of the patients reported intolerance to leafy vegetables and 31% to sweet. After 10 years, it was observed that the great majority of the patients reported ease intake of vegetables, and more than 80% reported being able to eat bread; however, about 40% reported difficulty eating red meat.

DISCUSSION

This study evaluates the impact of bariatric surgery on the nutritional phenotypic characteristics of obese individuals in the medium to late postoperative period characterized by 10 years follow-up. Despite significant weight loss until the second postoperative period, we observed that the majority of patient recovered the weight lost after 10 years of RYGB. Surgical treatment led to the improvement of biochemical indicators, such as lipid profile and blood glucose, and a reduction in the number of patients with inadequate levels of liver enzymes and uric acid. However, surgery has also resulted in an increased of vitamins and mineral deficient prevalence such as iron and vitamin B12.

In this study, after two years of RYGB there was a 39.2% reduction in initial weight, a result that is similar to the literature¹1 Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10: 262-268.^,33 Bastos EC, Barbosa EM, Soriano GM, dos Santos EA, Vasconcelos SM. Determinants of weight regain after bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2013; 26(1): 26-32.^,99 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842.^,2020 Kruger RS, Pricolo VE, Streeter TT, Colacchio DA, Andrade UA. A bariatric surgery center of excellence: operative trends and long-term outcomes. J Am Coll Surg. 2014; 218(6): 1163-1174.. In fact, treatment success can be evaluated by %EWL, which should correspond to 50-75% of the excess weight in the preoperative period. Our results show that %EWL of 59.8% and 51.5%, at five and 10 years postoperative respectively, considered a successful treatment ¹1 Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10: 262-268.^,99 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842.^,1111 Felsenreich DM, Langer FB, Kefurt R, Panhofer P, Schermann M, Beckerhinn P. Weight loss, weight regain, and conversions to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 10-year results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016; 12(9):1655-62.^,2222 Leyba JL, Llopis SN, Aulestia SN. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of morbid obesity. a prospective study with 5 years of follow-up. Obes Surg. 2014; 24: 2094-2098.^,3636 Stoklossa JC, Atwal S. Nutrition care for patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013; 2013:1-7..

However, weight regain started as soon after the second postoperative year, as observed in literature studies¹²12 Freire RH, Borges MC, Alvarez-Leite JI, Toulson Davisson Correia MI. Food quality, physical activity, and nutritional follow-up as determinant of weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutrition. 2012; 28(1): 53-58.^,2020 Kruger RS, Pricolo VE, Streeter TT, Colacchio DA, Andrade UA. A bariatric surgery center of excellence: operative trends and long-term outcomes. J Am Coll Surg. 2014; 218(6): 1163-1174.^,3737 Terra CMO, Simões CF, Mendes AA, Oliveira RP, Dada RP, Mendes VHS, et al. The relation among the physical activity level during leisure time, anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness of women underwent of bariatric surgery and an equivalent group with no surgery. ABCD, arq. bras. cir. dig. 2017; 30(4): 252-255.. Freire et al.¹²12 Freire RH, Borges MC, Alvarez-Leite JI, Toulson Davisson Correia MI. Food quality, physical activity, and nutritional follow-up as determinant of weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutrition. 2012; 28(1): 53-58. during the postoperative period of two to five years, showed a significant weight recover in 24.2% of patients submitted to RYGB, similar to the data found by Bastos et al.³3 Bastos EC, Barbosa EM, Soriano GM, dos Santos EA, Vasconcelos SM. Determinants of weight regain after bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2013; 26(1): 26-32. and Nicoletti et al.²⁸28 Nicoletti CF, de Oliveira BA, de Pinhel MA, Donati B, Marchini JS, Salgado Junior W, et al. Influence of Excess Weight Loss and Weight Regain on Biochemical Indicators During a 4-Year Follow-up After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg. 2015; 25(2): 279-284. over the same period. However, we emphasize that our results show a higher percentage of patients (40%) with the weight regain in this postoperative period.

The evaluation of the biochemical profile showed improvement in serum glucose, with 93.8% of patients with normal levels after one year of procedure. Carvalho et al.⁶6 Carvalho PS, Moreira CL, Barelli MC, Oliveira FH, Guzzo MF, Miguel GPS, et al. Can bariatric surgery cure metabolic syndrome? Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 51(1): 79-85. observed that after one year, 42.5% of the patients had normal concentrations of fasting glucose. In this study, surgery led to an improvement in lipid profile with decrease in the number of patients with dyslipidemia, which is similar to the literature data¹1 Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10: 262-268.^,55 Carvalho IR, Loscalzo IT, Freitas MF, Jordao RE, Friano TC. Incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients submitted to Fobi-Capella Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2012; 25(1): 36-40.^,77 Chauhan V, Vaid M, Gupta M, Kalanuria A, Parashar A. Metabolic, renal, and nutritional consequences of bariatric surgery: implications for the clinician. South Med J. 2010; 103(8): 775-783.. Previous published data showed that the improvement in blood glucose and lipid profile occurs mainly in the 1^st postoperative period¹⁶16 Nicoletti CF, de Oliveira BAP, Pinhel MAS, Donati B, Marchini JS, Salgado Junior W, Nonino CB. Influence of Excess Weight Loss and Weight Regainon Biochemical Indicators During a 4-Year Follow-up After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg. 2015; 25: 279-284., which can be attributed to the increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity observed after weight loss after surgery¹1 Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10: 262-268.^,77 Chauhan V, Vaid M, Gupta M, Kalanuria A, Parashar A. Metabolic, renal, and nutritional consequences of bariatric surgery: implications for the clinician. South Med J. 2010; 103(8): 775-783..

Moreover, studies have shown reduced hepatic steatosis following bariatric surgery. The possible mechanisms responsible for reducing the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in these patients correspond to improved peripheral insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammatory markers⁷7 Chauhan V, Vaid M, Gupta M, Kalanuria A, Parashar A. Metabolic, renal, and nutritional consequences of bariatric surgery: implications for the clinician. South Med J. 2010; 103(8): 775-783.^,1313 Freitas AC, Freitas DT, Parolin MB, Campos AC, Coelho JC. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evolution after gastric bypass. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007; 44(1): 49-53.^,1414 Hassanian M, Al-Mulhim A, Al-Sabhan A, Al-Amro S, Bamehriz F, Abdo A, et al. The effect of bariatric surgeries on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Saudi JGastroenterol. 2014; 20(5): 270-278.. Although biochemical concentrations of liver enzymes and their alterations are not considered gold standard for diagnosis and evaluation of hepatic steatosis, many studies use AST and ALT transaminases to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on hepatic metabolism. There is a transient elevation of liver enzymes, which tend to remain high for a period of two to six months after surgery. A significant decrease followed this increase in the period from 10 to 12 months after surgery, maintenance of low levels up to 10 years of surgery ¹³13 Freitas AC, Freitas DT, Parolin MB, Campos AC, Coelho JC. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evolution after gastric bypass. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007; 44(1): 49-53.^,1414 Hassanian M, Al-Mulhim A, Al-Sabhan A, Al-Amro S, Bamehriz F, Abdo A, et al. The effect of bariatric surgeries on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Saudi JGastroenterol. 2014; 20(5): 270-278.. Thus, our research indicated compliance with the literature data.

Elevated concentrations of serum uric acid are often observed in patients with severe obesity. Several potential mechanisms may explain these cases of hyperuricemia, including increased insulin resistance, which has the opposite effect on renal clearance of uric acid. As in our study, other authors also observed that weight loss induced by RYGB was accompanied by a reduction in uric acid levels and a reduction in the prevalence of hyperuricemia. This effect may result from normalization of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance observed after bariatric surgery³³33 Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351(26): 2683-2693..

Vitamin B12 deficiency is more related after RYGB. Factors that may contribute to this deficiency include gastric achloridia, reduced food intake, especially red meat, decreased secretion of intrinsic factor and bacterial overgrowth in the intestinal ileum⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.^,55 Carvalho IR, Loscalzo IT, Freitas MF, Jordao RE, Friano TC. Incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients submitted to Fobi-Capella Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2012; 25(1): 36-40.. In the present study, we observed a reduction in serum concentrations and an increase in the incidence of deficiency. This result is lower than other studies in that the same period, prevalence ranged from 19-35%³⁵35 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. The guidelines on vitamin B12 supplementation after bariatric surgery recommend daily doses of 1,000 mg orally or monthly of 10 mg intramuscularly to increase serum concentrations of this vitamin and prevent disability²⁴24 Majumder S, Soriano J, Louie Cruz A, Dasanu CA. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: preventive strategies and key recommendations. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013; 9(6): 1013-1019..

After bariatric surgery, the prevalence of patients with folic acid deficiency is 9-38%³⁵35 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. In this study, the number of patients with this nutrient deficiency decreased after five years, no patient was deficient and the values observed described below in the literature³⁵35 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. The improvement of folic acid levels after bariatric surgery can be explained by the daily supplementation with adaptive mechanisms that allow this absorption of vitamin through the intestine ⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.^,99 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842.^,3535 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. However, in the period of five to 10 years the prevalence of patients with folic acid deficiency increased to 3.7%. This can be attributed to segment loss, lack of nutritional monitoring, and resistance to changes in eating habits after surgery³²32 Silva RA, Malta FM, Correia MF, Burgos MG. Serum vitamin B12, iron and folic acid deficiencies in obese individuals submitted to different bariatric techniques. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2016; 29(1): 62-66..

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in patients undergoing the bariatric procedure. The main factors responsible for the deficit of this mineral correspond to intolerance and aversion to foods with high iron bioavailability, reduction of the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and malabsorption due to exclusion of the primary absorption sites⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.^,77 Chauhan V, Vaid M, Gupta M, Kalanuria A, Parashar A. Metabolic, renal, and nutritional consequences of bariatric surgery: implications for the clinician. South Med J. 2010; 103(8): 775-783.^,99 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842.^,3131 Salgado W, Modotti C, Nonino CB, Ceneviva R. Anemia and iron deficiency before and after bariatric surgery. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 2014; 10(1):49-54.. The deficiency of this mineral is observed in 17-45% of patients two and five years after the procedure, respectively³⁵35 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. Our results are similar to the Moizé et al.²⁶26 Moize V, Andreu A, Flores L, Torres F, Ibarzabal A, Delgado S, et al. Long-term dietary intake and nutritional deficiencies following sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-En-Y gastric bypass in a mediterranean population. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113(3): 400-410. in which there was a deficiency in 15.5% of patients after five years of surgery. This deficiency was maintained until the tenth year after the procedure.

The impact of bariatric surgery on calcium metabolism is not yet fully understood⁹9 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842., but possible contributors to the deficiency correspond to food intolerance to the main sources of this mineral, vitamin D deficiency and exclusion of intestinal areas where this mineral is preferentially absorbed ⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.^,99 Dogan K, Betzel B, Homan J, Aarts EO, Ploeger N, de Boer H. Long-term effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(11): 1835-1842.. In our study, after five years of RYGB, approximately 10% of patients with calcium deficiency were observed, a result similar to that found by Stein et al.³⁵35 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609., but higher than that found by Moizé et al.²⁶26 Moize V, Andreu A, Flores L, Torres F, Ibarzabal A, Delgado S, et al. Long-term dietary intake and nutritional deficiencies following sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-En-Y gastric bypass in a mediterranean population. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113(3): 400-410. in the same period. Over the study period, there was a decrease in the percentage of patients with magnesium deficiency. And in the preoperative period, 14.1% presented a deficit, lower than the value observed in other studies in which the prevalence ranged from 19-35%²⁹29 Nicoletti CF, Lima TP, Donadelli SP, Salgado WJr, Marchini JS, Nonino CB. New look at nutritional care for obese patient candidates for bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis.2013;9(4):520-525.^,3535 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. After five years of surgery, the percentage of individuals with disabilities was similar to that observed by Moizé et al.²⁶26 Moize V, Andreu A, Flores L, Torres F, Ibarzabal A, Delgado S, et al. Long-term dietary intake and nutritional deficiencies following sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-En-Y gastric bypass in a mediterranean population. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113(3): 400-410..

Protein deficiency is often reported, and mainly observed in combined operations⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.. After RYGB, the deficiency ranges from 3-18% of patients⁴4 Bordalo LA, Mourao DM, Bressan J. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: why they happen? Acta Med Port. 2011; 24(4): 1021-1028.^,3535 Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 40: 582-609.. In the present study, albumin deficiency decreased over the study period, a result similar to that found by other authors²⁶26 Moize V, Andreu A, Flores L, Torres F, Ibarzabal A, Delgado S, et al. Long-term dietary intake and nutritional deficiencies following sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-En-Y gastric bypass in a mediterranean population. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113(3): 400-410.. It should be noted that the patients in this study are systematically followed by a multi-professional team and are advised to take vitamin and mineral supplements daily.

Low food intake was observed in the preoperative period. According to the protocol of preoperative guidelines of the referred hospital, the candidate patients must lose at least 10% of the initial weight before being submitted to surgery. Therefore, the results of the preoperative period may reflect a hypocaloric diet for weight loss³⁰30 Nicoletti CF, Nonino CB, de Oliveira BA, Pinhel MA, Mansego ML, Milagro FI, et al. DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation Levels in Relation to Two Weight Loss Strategies: Energy-Restricted Diet or Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2016; 26(3): 603-11.. Indeed, the relevant fact was the increase in energy, protein and lipid intake at 10-year postoperative period. This fact may be related to weight regain evidenced in the present study. Moreover, we have to add that problems with binge eating/disorder are quite common among obese patients, including bariatric surgery candidates. Thus, it is important to identify this kind of disorder in bariatric surgery patients and appropriate interventions need to be made at postoperative time aiming maximize weight loss outcomes²⁵25 Meany G, Conceição E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014; 22(2): 87-91..

It is important to emphasize as a limitation of the present study the loss of follow-up with the consequent reduced number of patients evaluated over time, as was also observed in other studies¹⁵15 Higa K, Ho T, Tercero F, Yunus T, Boone KB. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 10-year follow-up. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011; 7(4): 516-525.^,2323 Magro DO, Ueno M, Coelho Neto JS, Callejas Neto F, Pareja JC, Cazzo E. Long-term weight loss outcomes after banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective 10-year follow-up study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018; 14(7): 910-917.. However, this fact is already expected in longitudinal studies with clinical follow-up and, unfortunately, can not be controlled.

Phenotypic characteristics assessment of patients in the late postoperative period is still of great importance in clinical practice. As observed, there are a large number of patients who recover their weight lost, which may also be associated with the return of comorbidities, worsening of quality of life and greater health expenditure. The loss of follow-up by large numbers of patients is a factor that must be studied. The reasons why patients fail to return to medical appointments are numerous and should be investigated. This loss of follow-up may be one of the determinant factors that lead to weight regain. Genetic and psychological aspects can also be pointed out as predictors of weight regain. The constant monitoring of these patients, the adequacy of nutritional recommendations and the identification of biomarkers for weight changes should be seen as new targets of study and is the major focus of individualized bariatric surgery management.

CONCLUSION

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is an effective procedure to promote weight loss and improve comorbidities associated with obesity. The comparison between postoperative period of five and 10 years shows the increase in the percentage of patients who had weight gain, as well as those with mineral, folic acid and protein’s deficiency, emphasizing the need for nutritional monitoring in the postoperative period.

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