ABSTRACT

Background

Rheumatic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may be associated with sexual dysfunction.

Aim

To study erectile function of a group of Brazilian AS patients comparing them with controls.

Materials and Methods

This was a cross sectional study approved by the local Committee of Ethics in Research. The questionnaire IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) was applied to 40 AS patients and 40 healthy controls. AS patients had determination of disease activity (through BASDAI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease activity index), ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, MASES or Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Score and SPARCC or Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada), function (through BASFI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and HAQ or Health Assessment Questionnaire) and BASMI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrological Index).

Results

AS patients had a median score on IIEF of 22.0 (IQR=18-25) while controls had 29 (IQR=27-30) with p<0.0001 Only 17.5% of the AS patients had no erectile dysfunction, in opposite to 87.5% of controls (p<0.0001). IIEF scores had a negative association with BASDAI (p<0.0001), HAQ (p=0.05), body mass index (P=0.03), MASES (P=0.02) and SPARCC (P=0.02) in a univariate analysis. Multiple regression showed that BASDAI was the only variable independently associated with IIEF.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of erectile dysfunction among AS patients that is associated with disease activity measured by BASDAI.

Erectile Dysfunction; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Disease

INTRODUCTION

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease that affects mainly young males and belongs to the group of Spondyloarthritis (SpA) (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.). The most distinguishing feature of this disease is inflammation of axial joints (starting at sacroiliac joints) causing inflammatory low back pain. Eventually, the axial disease causes joint fusion, which is associated with substantial functional impairment and with the appearance of the classical “skier posture”. Patients may also present with asymmetric oligoarthritis (especially of the lower extremities), dactylitis (sausage digits), and enthesitis (inflammation at sites of ligamentous or tendon attachment to bone). Additional features include eye and bowel inflammation, an association with preceding or ongoing infectious disorders, and a strong association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.). The diagnosis of AS, as in others SpA, can be done by the ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society) classification criteria that includes a set of clinical findings such as inflammatory back pain, arthritis, enthesitis etc., presence of HLA B27 and image findings of sacroiliitis (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.) (Table-1). The estimated prevalence of SpA in a Caucasian population is approximately 0.5 to 2 percent (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.). Its treatment varies according to presenting clinical features but in patients with axial predominance it is based mainly on AINH (anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs) and biological medication such as anti-TNF alpha (TNF-α). When it affects peripheral joints or has an extra-articular involvement, sulphasalazine, methotrexate and leflunomide may be used (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.).

Musculoskeletal chronic pain, stiffness, depression, loss of self-esteem by a disturbed perception of the own body image and fatigue are commonly seen in this disease and affect significantly the quality of life of these patients (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.). Sexuality has an important role in the personal satisfaction and is associated to quality of life, being a complex aspect of human life and is more than the sexual act. Rheumatic diseases may affect all aspects of life including sexual functioning due to multifactorial disease-related factors as well as therapy. Some factors include pain, fatigue, stiffness, functional impairment, depression, anxiety, negative body image, reduced libido, hormonal imbalance and drug treatment (²2. Tristano AG. The impact of rheumatic diseases on sexual function. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29:853-60.). However, studies on sexual dysfunction among AS patients are contradictory; while some of them report a low level of sexual satisfaction (³3. Dincer U, Cakar E, Kiralp MZ, Dursun H. Assessment of sexual dysfunction in male patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27:561-6.

4. Healey EL, Haywood KL, Jordan KP, Garratt AM, Ryan S, Packham JC. Ankylosing spondylitis and its impact on sexual relationships. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1378-81.-⁵5. Gallinaro AL, Akagawa LL, Otuzi MH, Sampaio-Barros PD, Gonçalves CR. Sexual activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012;52:887-91.), others do not (⁶6. Bal S, Bal K, Turan Y, Deniz G, Gürgan A, Berkit IK, et al. Sexual functions in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31:889-94., ⁷7. Guenther V, Locher E, Falkenbach A, Gutweniger S, Kopp M, Pfaffenberger N, et al. Body image in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:341-7.). A possible reason for those dissimilar outcomes is that many studies were of small size; another might be the presence of confounding factors such as duration and activity of the disease (⁸8. Liu YF, Dong H, Chen Z, Wang YU, Tu SH. Impact of ankylosing spondylitis on sexual function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9:1501-7.).

Several instruments using image and endocrinological resources have been used to identify erectile dysfunction; however, questionnaires of self-reported performance are considered an important tool to diagnose and classify this problem in clinical assays (⁷7. Guenther V, Locher E, Falkenbach A, Gutweniger S, Kopp M, Pfaffenberger N, et al. Body image in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:341-7.). The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is one of such questionnaires and is considered to have high sensibility and specificity in this context (⁹9. Gonzáles AI, Sties SW, Wittkopf PG, Mara LS, Ulbrich AZ, Cardoso FL, et al. Validation of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIFE) for use in Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101:176-82.).

In the present study, we have analyzed a sample of Brazilian AS patients aiming to know the influence of this rheumatic disease in their erectile function using the IIEF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a cross sectional study approved by the local Committee of Ethics in Research (CAAE number 50667215.0.0000.0103) and all participants signed consent. It was a convenience sample that embraced all SpA patients that attended regular consultations in a single Rheumatologic Unit from Evangelical University Hospital in Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil, during a period of six months and that agreed to participate in the study. This sample gave a power analysis of 92%.

The sample included 40 patients with AS that fulfilled the ASAS criteria for the disease (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.), older than 18 years. ASAS criteria are shown in Table-1.

As comparison group, 40 voluntary healthy men, paired for age, tobacco exposure and comorbidities answered the questionnaire.

Data on disease duration, epidemiological and clinical profile, HLA-B27 positivity was collected in medical records of AS patients. They had also determination of overall disease activity through BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.), ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis disease Activity Score) (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein (CRP); enthesitis activity (through MASES or Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Score (¹⁰10. Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, Tubergen A van, Landewé R, Tempel H van ver, Mielants H, et al. Assessment of enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:127-32.) and SPARCC or Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada) (¹¹11. Maksymowych WP, Mallon C, Morrow S, Shojania K, Olszynski WP, Wong RL, et al. Development and validation of the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) Enthesitis Index. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:948-53.); function through BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index) (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.), HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) (¹²12. Ferraz MB, Oliveira LM, Araujo PM, Atra E, Tugwell P. Crosscultural reliability of the physical ability dimension of the health assessment questionnaire. J Rheumatol. 1990;17:813-7.) and BASMI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis metrological index (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.).

Patients and controls were submitted to the IIEF. About erectile function, this questionnaire has six closed questions that were answered by patients without interference from other person or researchers. Each question has a value ranging from 1 to 5, and responses with low values represent poor condition of the quality of erectile function and those with results lower than 6-10 points were considered to have severe erectile dysfunction; values between 11 and 16 with severe moderated, values ranging from 17 to 21 as moderate dysfunction, values of 22 to 25 as mild dysfunction and those with values higher than 26 as no erectile dysfunction (⁸8. Liu YF, Dong H, Chen Z, Wang YU, Tu SH. Impact of ankylosing spondylitis on sexual function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9:1501-7., ¹³13. Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, Lipsky J, Peña BM. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 1999;11:319-26.) (Table-2).

Data was organized in contingency and frequency Tables. Normality distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Central tendency was expressed in mean and standard deviation (SD) in parametric samples and median and interquartile intervals (IIQ) in the non-parametric data. Association studies of nominal data were done through by Fisher Exact test and by Mann Whitney test, when data was numeric. Correlation analysis of IIEF with disease activity, functional, metrological indexes, BMI and disease duration were done by the Pearson test. All variables with P<0.1 were studied through multiple regression to verify its independency. The adopted significance was 5% (P≤0.05).

RESULTS

A) Comparison of AS patients with controls

In the AS group patients age ranged from 24 to 63 years old (mean 45.8±11.41); 7.6% were smokers and 7.6% had arterial hypertension. In the control group, age went from 24 to 63 years (mean 46.0±11.1) none was smoker or had hypertension. Pairing showed p=0.92 for age and 0.11 for smoking and 0.11 for arterial hypertension. None of participants (patients or controls) had diabetes mellitus. In the AS group, 90% had lumbar pain; 77.5% had peripheral arthritis; 45% had anterior uveitis, 37.5% had enthesitis; 12.5% had coxalgia; 12.5% had dactylitis; 70.5% were HLA B27 positive; 32.5% were on treatment with sulphasalazine; 7.5% were on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 7.5% on anti-TNF medications.

b) Study of IIEF among AS patients

IIEF score in AS patients had median value of 22.0 points (IQR=18-25, range 14-30); controls had median value of 29 points (IQR=27-30, range 13-30); with p<0.0001 (Mann Whitney test).

Table-3 displays the scores of studied patients and controls according to IIEF classification and shows a significant difference between the two groups.

Data on inflammatory, functional, laboratory measurements as well as its correlation with IIEF values is shown in Table-4. In this table, it is possible to note a negative correlation of the IIEF score with BMI (body mass index), with several indexes of inflammatory activity such as BASDAI, MASES, SPARCC and with a functional index: the HAQ.

All data with p<0.1 in the univariate analysis were studied through multiple regression to evaluate their independency; only BASDAI kept its correlation with IIEF (p=0.007; t=-2.86).

DISCUSSION

Our results endorse the finding that AS male patients had worse erectile function than the general population. Most AS patients are young adults, in their active stage of sexual activity, so this finding may contribute significantly to loss of life quality in this population (¹⁴14. Dong X, Zheng Y, Shi TY, Liu HY. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on sexual activity of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:915-20.). However, despite of the fact that that only a small amount of patients (less than 20%) had normal sexual performance, most of health care providers neglect or are not prepared to discuss such problems with their patients in daily practice.

The present work also shows that inflammatory disease activity, measured by BASDAI but not by ESR and CRP is associated with sexual impairment. ESR and CRP are usually used to judge inflammatory activity in rheumatic diseases (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.); nevertheless, it is well known that no serological marker is good enough to reflect the ongoing inflammation in the SpA such as AS (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.) and this may justify our findings. BASDAI is a composite index that takes into account pain in spina, peripheral joints and enthesis, fatigue as well as degree and duration of morning stiffness. All of these domains are measured according to the patient’s point of view (¹1. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1-44.). Fatigue and pain are well known to hamper sexual function in patients with rheumatic diseases (⁵5. Gallinaro AL, Akagawa LL, Otuzi MH, Sampaio-Barros PD, Gonçalves CR. Sexual activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012;52:887-91.). Pirildar et al. (¹⁵15. Pirildar T, Müezzinoğlu T, Pirildar S. Sexual function in ankylosing spondylitis: a study of 65 men. J Urol. 2004;171:1598-600.) found that the duration of morning stiffness was the only clinical feature related to erectile dysfunction in AS patients. Some authors have suggested that high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically TNF-α, involved in the pathogenesis this disease, are related to fatigue. In this context, anti-TNF drugs could help improve fatigue (¹⁴14. Dong X, Zheng Y, Shi TY, Liu HY. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on sexual activity of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:915-20., ¹⁶16. Druce KL, Jones GT, Macfarlane GJ, Basu N. Patients receiving anti-TNF therapies experience clinically important improvements in RA-related fatigue: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:964-71.) and consequently sexual function. Corroborating this idea, Matos et al. (¹⁷17. Matos G, Hirotsu C, Alvarenga TA, Cintra F, Bittencourt L, Tufik S, et al. The association between TNF-α and erectile dysfunction complaints. Andrology. 2013;1:872-8.), studying 383 males without rheumatic disease, found a significant association between high levels of serum TNF-α and erectile dysfunction. Hotston et al. (¹⁸18. Hotston MR, Jeremy JY, Bloor J, Koupparis A, Persad R, Shukla N. Sildenafil inhibits the up-regulation of phosphodiesterase type 5 elicited with nicotine and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in cavernosal vascular smooth muscle cells: mediation by superoxide. BJU Int. 2007;99:612-8.) have observed that these drugs could inhibit the TNF-α upregulation of phosphodiesterase type 5 expression which, in turn, impairs nitricoxide-induced pro-erectile effects, resulting in dysfunction. Our sample of anti-TNF users (n=3) was too small to allow any conclusion of the effect of this drug on sexual performance, but all users had relatively high scores (20, 25 and 27 points). Dong et al. (¹⁴14. Dong X, Zheng Y, Shi TY, Liu HY. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on sexual activity of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:915-20.), comparing 22 AS patients on anti-TNF drugs with 20 without it, found that patients on this treatment had improvement in their score of sexual quality of life that was correlated with the degree of improvement in the BASDAI.

Interesting, age, a recognized variable associated with lower sexual function (¹⁹19. Corrêa LQ, Cozzensa da Silva M, Rombaldi AJ. Sexual dysfunction symptoms in men age 40 or older: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2013;16:444-53., ²⁰20. Abdo CH, Oliveira WM Jr, Scanavino Mde T, Martins FG. Erectile dysfunction: results of the Brazilian Sexual Life Study. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2006;52:424-9.) did not show any association in our study. When men aged 18-39 years were compared with those aged 60-69, they presented 2.2 higher risk of erectile dysfunction. The same was observed by other authors (⁵5. Gallinaro AL, Akagawa LL, Otuzi MH, Sampaio-Barros PD, Gonçalves CR. Sexual activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012;52:887-91.). It is possible that the low sexual performance of young AS patients due to disease activity blunted this connection. Ireland et al. (²¹21. Ireland A, Jewell DP. Sulfasalazine-induced impotence: a beneficial resolution with olsalazine? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1989;11:711.) described erectile dysfunction as a rare side effect of sulphasalasine (<0.1%). In our study, among 13/40 (32.5%) in use of this drug, there was no significant difference in the scores of these patients compared with others (data not shown).

In addition, it is worthwhile to observe that Dincer et al. (³3. Dincer U, Cakar E, Kiralp MZ, Dursun H. Assessment of sexual dysfunction in male patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27:561-6.) found a relationship of sexual dysfunction with lower scores in questionnaires of function, as we did with the HAQ as observed in Table-4. However, in our study, this association did not sustain itself in the multi-variated analysis, suggesting that the inflammatory components such as pain, fatigue and stiffness impair function and underlie this association. Nowadays, with the modern treatment strategies that propose aggressive treatment of inflammation, patients have a higher chance to preserve their mobility. So, loss of function due to loss of mobility seems not to exercise important influence.

In summary, we have found that AS patients have high levels of erectile dysfunction and that disease activity measured by BASDAI is associated with sexual impairment. Health care providers should be aware that sexual impairment is a consequence of AS disease activity and discuss this issue with their patients and provide referral to specialists when appropriate.

REFERENCES

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