Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Developments in the Toxicology of Anabolic Steroids

  • Special Article
  • Published:
Drug Safety Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Anabolic steroids are extensively abused as ergogenic aids by athletes (and others). A number of features of anabolic steroid use and toxicology have been recently reviewed in the Journal, and a large body of data has accumulated concerning their toxic nature.

The lipoprotein profile induced by anabolic steroids carries a markedly adverse cardiovascular risk. Glucose metabolism is significantly altered and includes peripheral insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and attenuated responses to glucagon. Hypertension has been noted. Psychiatric and psychological alterations are major toxicities of anabolic steroids, and probably constitute the major mechanism of their action. Hepatic neoplasia occurs in the setting of abuse of this class of drugs, and may be related to their use, although there is no convincing evidence that other malignancies are induced in athletes who abuse them. Gross disturbance of reproductive function occurs in both sexes: hypogonadal states are common and prolonged. The anabolic steroids are toxic drugs with both long and short term effects. Their abuse by athletes is to be decried, particularly in view of the frequent and prolonged use by the young.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aiache AE. Surgical treatment of gynecomastia in the bodybuilder. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83: 61–66, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M. Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on the skin in power athletes. Abstract. Olympic Scientific Congress, July 1984, pp. 19–26, 1984

  • Alén M, et al. Serum lipids in power athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 139–144, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Hakkinen K. Androgenic effects on serum hormones and on maximal force development in strength athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 27: 38–46, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Hakkinen K, Komi PV. Changes in neuromuscular performance and muscle fibre characteristics of elite power athletes self-administering androgenic and anabolic steroids. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 122: 535–544, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Annitto WJ, Layman WA. Anabolic steroids and acute schizophrenic episode. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 41(4): 143–144, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariel G, Saville W. Anabolic steroids: the physiological effects of placebos. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 124–126, 1972a

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariel G, Saville W. Effect of anabolic steroids on reflex components. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 120–123, 1972b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariel G, Saville W. Effect of anabolic steroids on reflex components. Journal of Applied Physiology 32: 795–797, 1972c

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PJ, Ramey ER, Ramwell PW. Androgen-mediated sex differences of cardiovascular responses in rats. American Journal of Physiology 235: H242–H246, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balzamo S, Migliari L, Sica V. The effect of androgen blockade on gonadotrophin release and LH response to naloxone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 27: 491–499, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava KP, Dhawan KN, Sazena RC. Enhancement of nor-adrenaline pressor responses in testosterone treated cats. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 31: 26–31, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boel J, Andersen LB, Rasmussen B, et al. Hepatic drug metabolism and physical fitness. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36: 121–126, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman SJ, Tanna S, Fernando S, Ayodeji A, Weatherstone RM. Anabolic steroids and infarction. British Medical Journal 299: 632, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer JL. Androgenic-anabolic steroid associated peliosis hepatis in man — a review of 38 reported cases. In Olive (Ed.) Advances in pharmacology and therapeutics, Vol. 8: Drug-action modifications comparative pharmacology, pp. 175–184, Per-gamon Press, Oxford, 1978

  • Brower KJ, Blow FC, Beresford TP, Feulling C. Anabolic-andro-genic steroid dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50: 31–33, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner N, Landolt F, Zachmann M. Vortäuschung eines adren-ogenitalen Syndromes durch langdauernde Verabreichung an-aboler Steroidsalbe. Helvetica Paediatrics Acta 32 (Suppl.): 31, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley WE, Yesalis CE, et al. Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 3441–3445, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cade JF, Stubbs KP, Stubbs AE, Clegg EA. Thrombosis, fibri-nolysis and ethylestrenol. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 53–59, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese LH, Kleiner SM, Barna BP, et al. The effects of anabolic steroids and strength training on the human immune response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 386–392, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang WC, Nakao J, et al. Effects of testosterone on the metabolism of arachadonic acid by aortas and platelets in rats. Pros-taglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine 9: 495–501, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JC, Hickman R. Insulin resistance and diminished glucose tolerance in powerlifters ingesting anabolic steroids. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64: 960–963, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creagh TM, Rubin A, Evans DJ. Hepatic tumors induced by anabolic steroids in an athlete. Journal of Clinical Pathology 41: 441–443, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delamore IW, Geary CG. Aplastic anaemia, acute myeloblastic leukaemia and oxymetholone. British Medical Journal 2: 743–745, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edis AJ, Levitt M. Anabolic steroids and colon cancer. Medical Journal of Australia 142: 426–427, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, et al. Effect of oxandrolone treatment on the activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and phos-pholipase Al of human postheparin plasma. New England Journal of Medicine 292: 1314–1317, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingboe J, Veldhuis JD, Mendelson JH, et al. Effect of endogenous opioid blockade on the amplitude and frequency of LH secretion in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 54: 854–874, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faccinetti F, Martignoni E, Petraglia F, et al. Premenstrual fall in plasma beta-endorphin in patients with premenstrual syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 47: 570–573, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk H, Popper H, Thomas LB, Ishak KG. Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with androgenic-anabolic steroids. Lancet 2: 1120–1123, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell GC, Uren RF, Perkins KW, Joshua DE, Baird PJ, et al. Androgen-induced hepatoma. Lancet 1: 430, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferenchick GS. Are androgenic steroids thrombogenic? New England Journal of Medicine 322: 476, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankle MA, Eichberg R, Zachariah SB. Anabolic androgenic steroids and a stroke in an athlete: case report. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 69: 632–633, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed DL, Banks AJ, Longson D. Anabolic steroids in athletics. British Medical Journal 3: 761, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed DL, Banks AJ, Longson D, Burley DM. Anabolic steroids in athletics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters. British Medical Journal 2: 471–473, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed DL, Banks AJ. A double blind cross-over trial of meth-andienone (Dianabol) in moderate dosage on highly trained experienced athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 78–81. 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, et al. The relation of apolipoproteins A-1 and B in children to parental myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 315: 721–726, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freinhar JP, Alvarez W. Androgen-induced hypomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 46: 354–355, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedl KE, Yesalis CE. Self-treatment of gynecomastia in bodybuilders who use anabolic steroids. Physician and Sportsmedicine 17: 67–79, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghcrondache CN, Dowling WJ, Pincus G. Metabolic changes induced in elderly patients with an anabolic steroid (oxandro-lone). Journal of Gerontology 22: 290–300, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck CJ. Effects of oxandrolone on plasma triglycerides and post heparin lipolytic activity in patients with types III, IV, and V familial hyperlipoproteinacmia. Metabolism 20: 691–702. 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glucck HL, Glueck CJ. Clotting mechanisms in patients with hy-pertriglyeeridemia during therapy with anabolic or progesta-tional drugs. Thrombosis and Diathesis Hacmorrhagica 29: 499–509, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg L, et al. The effect of exercise on lipid metabolism in men and women. Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 307–321, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman B. Liver carcinoma in an athlete taking anabolic steroids. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 85: 56, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High-density lipoprotein — the clinical implications of recent studies. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 1311–1316, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg S, George WR, Kodowitz PJ, Wilson WR. Androgen-induced enhancement of vascular reactivity. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 52: 14–22, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerman FC, Jones-Witters P, Ranson R. The effects of anabolic steroid ingestion on serum enzyme and urine 17-keto-steroid levels. Journal of Sports Medicine 15: 287–295, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harkness RA, et al. Effects of large doses of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 70–73, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann G, Addicks K, Donike M, Schanzer W. Testosterone application influences sympathetic activity of intracardiac nerves in non-trained and trained mice. Journal of the Autonomie Nervous System 17: 85–100, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haupt HA, Rovere GD. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. American Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 469–484, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC, Ball KL, Falduto MT. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience 4: 254–271, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg D. The effect of drugs on human placenta enzyme activities. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 473: 260, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley BF, Seals DR, et al. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in bodybuilders vs powerlifters: negative effects of androgen use. Journal of the American Medical Association 252: 507–513, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston TP, Puffer JC, MacMillan Rodney W. The athletic heart syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 24–32, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JA, Waxman J, Spiekerman AM. Prostatic complications of testosterone replacement therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine 149: 2365–2366, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson BA. Psychopharmacological effects of cannabis. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 43: 114–116, 118–120, 122, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FL. The association of oral androgenic-anabolic steroids and life threatening disease. Medicine and Science in Sports 7: 284–286, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M, Jay S, Shoup B, Rickert VL. Anabolic steroid use by male adolescents. Pediatrics 83: 921–924, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M, Ramey E, Ramwell P. Androgcn-mediated sensitivity in platelet aggregation. American Journal of Physiology 232: H381–385, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashkin K, Kleber HD. Hooked on hormones? An anabolic steroid addiction hypothesis. Journal of the American Medical Association 262: 3166–3170, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King JB. Burns DG. Aplastic anaemia, oxymetholone and acute myeloid leukaemia. South African Medical Journal 46: 1622–1623, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Király CL. Androgenic-anabolic steroid effects on scrum and skin surface lipids, on red cells and on liver enzymes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 249–252, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Király CL, Collan Y. Alén M. Effect of testosterone and anabolic steroids on the size of sebaceous glands in power athletes. American Journal of Dermatopathology 9: 515–519, 1987b

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner SM, Calabrcse LH, et al. Dietary influences on cardiovascular disease risk in anabolic steroid-using and non-using bodybuilders. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 8: 109–119, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landon J, Wynn V, et al. Effects of anabolic steroid, methandienone, on carbohydrate metabolism in man. Metabolism 11: 501–512, 1962a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landon J, Wynn V, et al. Effects of anabolic steroid, methandicnone, on carbohydrate metabolism in man: II. Effect of methandienone on response to glucagon, adrenalin, and in insulin in the fasted subject. Metabolism 11: 513–523, 1962b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landon J, Wynn V, Samols E. The effects of anabolic steroids on blood sugar and plasma insulin levels in man. Metabolism 12: 924–934, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenders JWM, Demaeker PNM, et al. Deleterious effects of anabolic steroids on scrum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and liver function in amateur body builders. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 19–23, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limbeck GA. Ruvalcaba RHA, Mahoney CP, Kellcy VC. Studies on anabolic steroids: IV. The effects of oxandrolone on height and skeletal maturation in uncomplicated growth retardation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12: 793–805, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke TJ, Neoptolcmos JP, Fossard DP. Testicular tumor associated with hormonal treatment for oligospermia. Lancet 2: 754, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lubell A. Docs steroid abuse cause or excuse violence? Physician and Sportsmcdicine 17: 176–185, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmcndier CL, Van Der Bergen CJ, et al. A long term study of the efficacy of oxandrolone in hypcrlipoproteinaemias. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18: 42–54, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaughan GW, Bilious MJ, Gallagher ND. Long-term survival with tumor regression in androgen-induced liver tumors. Cancer 56: 2622–2626, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNutt, RA, Ferenchick, GS, Kirlin PC, Hamlin NJ. Acute myo-cardial infarction in a 22-ycar-old world class weight lifter using anabolic steroids. American Journal of Cardiology 62: 164, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Middlcton C, McCaughan GW, Painter DM, Stephen MS, Beale M, et al. Danazol and hepatic neoplasia: a case report. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 19: 733–735, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller NE, Hubert G, Hamilton JB. Mental and behavioral changes following male hormone treatment of adult castration, hypo-gonadism and psychic impotence. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 38: 538–540, 1938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki RM, Richter KJ. Cardiomyopathy and cerebrovascular accident associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Physician and Sports Medicine 16: 108–114, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Molteni A, Brownie AC, Skelton FR. Production of hypertensive vascular disease in the rat by methyltcstostcronc. Journal of Laboratory Investigations 21: 129–137, 1969

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakao J, Chang WC, Orimo H. et al. Stimulation of 12-lipoxy-genase activity in rat platelets by 17-bcta estradiol. Biochemistry and Pharmacology 31: 2633–2638, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Osier W. The principles and practice of medicine, pp. 670–671, New York Press, New York, 1892

    Google Scholar 

  • Overly WL, Dankoff JA, Wang BK, Singh UD. Androgens and hepatoccllular carcinoma in an athlete. Annals of Internal Medicine 100: 158–159, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilo R, Aharony D. Raz A. Testosterone potentiation of iono-phore and ADP induced platelet aggregation: relationship to arachidonic acid metabolism. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 46: 538–542, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope HG, Katz DL. Bodybuilder’s psychosis. Lancet 1: 863, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope HG, Katz DL. Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. American Journal of Psychiatry 145: 487–490, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prat J, Gray GF. Stolley PD. Coleman JW. Wilrrfs tumor in an adult associated with androgcn abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association 237: 2322–2323, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recant L, Lacy P. Fanconi’s anaemia and hepatic cirrhosis. American Journal of Medicine 39: 464–475, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JT, Essenhigh DM. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in 40 year old body builder. Lancet 2: 742, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum WI, El-Sabban F, Nelson GH, Alison TB. Effects in mice of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on platelet aggregation in injured arterioles and ex vivo. Thrombosis and Research 45: 719–728, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustafsson J. Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin. Endocrinology 114: 2100–2106, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schurmeyer T, Belkien L, Knuth UA, Nieschlag E, et al. Reversible azoospermia induced by the anabolic steroid 19-nor-testosterone. Lancet 1: 417–420, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semmens J, Rouse I, Beilin LJ. Maserei JR. Relationship of plasma HDL-cholesterol to testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin levels in men and women. Metabolism 32: 428–432, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd R, Killinger D, Freid T. Responses to sustained use of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 170–173, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonson E, Kearns WM, Enzer N. Effect of oral administration of methyltestosterone on fatigue in eunuchoids and castrates. Endocrinology 28: 506–512, 1941

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonson E, Kearns WM, Enzer N. Effect of methyl testosterone treatment on the muscular performance and the central nervous system of older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 4: 528–534, 1944

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sklarek HM, Mantovani RP, Erens E, et al. AIDS in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 1701, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small M, Forbes CD, MacCuish AC. Metabolic effects of stan-ozolol in type II diabetes mellitus. Hormone and Metabolic Research 18: 647–648, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DH, Stromcyer FW, Ishak KG. Anabolic steroid therapy and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer 43: 440–443, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamford BA, Moffatt R. Anabolic steroid: effectiveness as an ergogenic aid to experienced weight trainers. Journal of Sports Medicine 14: 191–197, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss RH, Liggett MT, Lanese RR. Anabolic steroid use and perceived effects in ten weight-trained women athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association 253: 2871–2873, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss RH, Wright JE, Finerman GAM. Anabolic steroid use and health status among forty two weight trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 119, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahmindjis AJ. The use of anabolic steroids by athletes to increase body weight and strength. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 991–993, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tennent F, Black DL, Voy RO. Anabolic steroid dependence with opioid-type features. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 578, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, et al. Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 261: 1165–1168, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchmann-Duplessis H. Drug effects on the fetus, pp. 209–210, ADIS Press, Auckland, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Urhausen A, Holpes R, Kindermann W. One and two dimensional echocardiography in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 633–640, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US Olympic Committee. USOC physicians assist with USA Today national hotline. Sportsmediscope 7: 11, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Arman CG, Drill VA. Some cardiovascular effects of norethandrolone (Nilevar), testosterone and progesterone. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 124: 59–63, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  • Veil WH, Lippross O. Non-specific effects of male sex hormones. Klinische Wochenschrift 19: 655, 1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Vest SA, Howard JE. Clinical experiments with the use of male sex hormones. Journal of Urology 40: 154–183, 1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb OL, Laskarzewski PM, Glueck CJ. Severe depression of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in weight lifters and body builders by self-administered exogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Metabolism 33: 971–975, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westaby D, Portmann B, Williams R. Androgen related primary hepatic tumors in non-Fanconi patients. Cancer 51: 1947–1952, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willgeroth Von F, Rummel W. Medikamente in der Gravidität und Stillzeit. Fortschritte der Medizin 97: 2180–2186, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DM, Frane JW, et al. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Turner syndrome: effect of therapy with growth hormone, oxandrolone, and a combination of both. Journal of Pediatrics 112: 210–217, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson IC, Prange AJ, Lara PP. Methyltestosterone with imipramine in men: conversion of depression to paranoid reaction. American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 21–24, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn V. Metabolic effects of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 60–64, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuliani U, Bernadini B, Catapano A, Campana G, Cerioli G, et al. Effects of anabolic steroids, testosterone, and HGH on blood lipids and echocardiographic parameters in body builders. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10: 62–66, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Selected Additional Reading

  • Alén M. Androgenic steroid effects on liver and red cells. British Journal of Sports Medicine 19: 15–20, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Hakkinen K. Physical health and fitness of an elite bodybuilder during 1 year of self-administration of testosterone and anabolic steroids: a case study. International Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 24–29, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Rahkila P. Anabolic androgenic steroid effects on endocrinology and lipid metabolism in athletes. Sports Medicine 6: 327–332, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Rahkila P. Reduced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in power athletes: use of male sex hormone derivatives, an atherogenic factor. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5: 341–342, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Rahkila P. Effects and side effects of hormone doping. New Studies in Athletics (Suppl. 1): 149–163, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Rahkila P, Reinila M, Vihko R. Androgenic-anabolic steroid effects on serum thyroid, pituitary and steroid hormones in athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 15: 357–361, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Reinila M, et al. Response of serum hormones to androgen administration in power athletes. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 354–359, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén M, Suomineen J. Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on spermatogenesis in power athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5: 189–192, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Altschule MD, Tillotson KJ. The use of testosterone in the treatment of depressions. New England Journal of Medicine 239: 1036–1038, 1948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed, pp. 165–185, Washington, 1987

  • Anthony PP. Hepatoma associated with androgenic steroids. Lancet 1: 685–686, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appel HJ, Heller-Umpfenbach B, Feraudi M, Weicker H. Ultra-structural and morphometric investigations on the effects of training and administration of anabolic steroids on the myocardium of guinea pigs. International Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 268–274, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Applcbaum-Bowdcn D, et al. The dyslipoproteinemia of anabolic steroid therapy: increase in hepatic triglyceride lipase precedes the decrease in high density lipoprotein 2. Metabolism 36: 949–952, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariel G. Prolonged effects of anabolic steroids upon muscular contractile force. Medicine and Science in Sports 6: 62–64, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attwood A. Carry that weight. Time 27 Mar: 42–44, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Sports Medicine Federation. Survey of drug use in Australian sport. Sports Coach 12(1): 8–9, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri SA, Boyer JL. Peliosis hepatis associated with andro-genic-anabolic steroid therapy: a severe form of hepatic injury. Annals of Internal Medicine 81: 610–618, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basford JR. Weightlifting, weight training and injuries. Orthopedics 8: 1051–1056, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrendt H. Effect of anabolic steroids on rat heart muscle cells: 1. Intermediate filaments. Cell Tissue Research 180: 303–315, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrendt H, Boffin H. Myocardial cell lesions caused by an anabolic hormone. Cell Tissue Research 181: 423–426, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JA, Doegc TC. Athletes’ use and abuse in drugs. Physician and Sports Medicine 15: 99–108, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergink EW, Geelen JAA, Turpijn EW. Metabolism and receptor binding of nandrolone and testosterone under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. Acta Endocrinologica 271: 31–37, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman R, Leach RE. The use and abuse of anabolic steroids in Olympic-caliber athletes. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 198: 169–172, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein MS, Hunter RL, Yachnin S. Hepatoma and peliosis hepatis developing in a patient with Fanconi’s anaemia. New England Journal of Medicine 284: 1135–1136, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan S, Bhatnagar VM, Sur VK, Aslhana RS, Pandey DN. A study of the effect of exercise and anabolic hormone on the albumin-globulin ratio of the scrum proteins in underweight medical students. Current Medical Practice 20: 565–568, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bierly JR. Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. Do the risks outweigh the benefits? Postgraduate Medicine 82: 67–74, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolch OH, Warren JC. Induction of premature menstruation with anabolic steroids. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 117: 121–125, 1973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers R. Rcardon J. Effects of methandrostenolone (Dianabol) on strength and aerobic capacity. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 54. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd PR, Mark GV. Multiple hepatic adenomas and a hepato-cellular carcinoma in a man on oral mcthyltestostcronc for eleven years. Cancer 40: 1765–1770. 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks RV, et al. Detection of anabolic steroids by radio-im-munoassay. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 89–92, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower KJ. Blow FC, Eliopulos GA, Beresford TP. Letter. American Journal of Psychiatry 146: 1075, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruguera M. Hepatoma associated with androgenic steroids. Lancet 2: 1294–1295. 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger RA, Marcus PM. Peliosis hepatis, report of a case. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 22: 569, 1952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkett LN, Falduto MT. Steroid use by athletes in a metropolitan area. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12: 69–74, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Caminos-Torres R, et al. Testosterone induced inhibition of the LH and FSH responses to gonadotrophin releasing hormone occurs slowly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44: 1142–1152. 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco D, Pallardo L, Prieto M. Moll JL, Cruz JM. et al. Hepatic adenomata and androgen treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine 100: 316, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casner SW, Early RG. Carlson BR. Anabolic steroid effects on body composition in normal young men. Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 98–103, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaikin T. Telander R. The nightmare of steroids. Sports Illustrated 69: 84–102, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Price DA, Addison GM. Growth and growth hormone responses to oxandrolone in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). Clinical Endocrinology 29: 123–130, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clerico A, Ferdcghini M, Palombo C, et al. Effect of anabolic treatment on the scrum levels of gonadotropins, testosterone, prolactin, thyroid hormones and myoglobin of male athletes under physical training. Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences 23: 79–88, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocks JR. Melhyltestosteronc induced liver cell tumors. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 617–618, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JC, Noakes TD, et al. Hypercholesterolcmia in male pow-erlifters using anabolic-androgcnic steroids. Physician and Sportsmedicinc 16: 49–56, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL, Pearcon DR, et al. Anabolic steroid use among athletes: changes in HDL-C levels. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12: 113–117, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Council on Scientific Affairs. Drug abuse in athletes: anabolic steroids and human growth hormone. Journal of the American Medical Association 259: 1703–1705, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan V. Steroids in sports: after four decades, time to return these genics to the bottle? Journal of the American Medical Association 257: 421–427, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowart VS. Would controlled substance status affect steroid trafficking? Physician and Sportsmedicinc 15: 151–152, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowart V. Physician-competitor’s advice to colleagues: steroid users respond to education, rehabilitation. Journal of the American Medical Association 257: 427–428, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crist DM. et al. Alphalipoprotcincmic effects of androgenic-an-abolic steroids in athletes. Annals of Sports Medicine 2: 125–128. 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Crist DM. Peak GT, Egan PA, Waters DL. Boyd composition response to exogenous GH during training in highly conditioned adults. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 579–584, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crist DM. Stackpole PJ, Peake GT. Effects of androgenic-ana-bolic steroids on ncuromuscular power and body composition. Journal of Applied Physiology 54: 366–370, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Merode ARE. Olympic Games 1988 — Calgary and Seoul: list of doping classes and methods. New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine 16: 63–65. 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Dcquckcr J. Gcuscns P. Anabolic steroids and osteoporosis. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 45–52, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Duda M. Do anabolic steroids pose an ethical dilemma for US physicians? Physician and Sportsmedicinc 14: 173–175, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymcnt PG. Drugs and the adolescent athlete. Pediatrics Annals 13: 602–604, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymcnt PG. The adolescent athlete and ergogenic aids. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 8: 68–73, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg E, Gordan G. The levator ani muscle of the rat as an index of myotropic activity of steroidal hormones. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 99: 38–44, 1950

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellestad MH. Metabolic abnormalities and drugs. Stress testing: Principles and Practice 429–454, 1986

  • Elliot DL. Goldberg L, et al. Characteristics of anabolic-andro-genic steroid-free competitive male and female bodybuilders. Physician and Sportsmedicinc 15: 169–179, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Fancy T. Brown H, Livermorc VA. Effects of anabolic steroids plus weight training on normal males — a double blind study. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 54. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Fancy TD. Brown CH. The effects of anabolic steroid on the strength, body composition, and endurance of college males when accompanied by a weight training program. Medicine and Science in Sports 5: 272–276. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Feed D. Banks A. Longson D. Anabolic steroids in athletes: crossover double blind trial on weight lifters. British Medical Journal 21: 471–473, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Felter R. Fitzgibbon J. Drug-related emergencies in athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine 8: 129–138, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes G. The effects of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Metabolism 34: 571–573, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler WM, Gardner GW. Egstrom GH. Effect of anabolic stcroid on the physical performance of young men. Journal of Applied Physiology 20: 1038–1040, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankle MA, Cicero CJ, et al. Use of anabolic androgenic steroids by athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association 252: 282, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolich J, Kullmer T, et al. Lipid profile of bodybuilders with and without self-administration of anabolic steroids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 59: 98–103, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujioka M, Shinohara Y, Baba S, Irie M, Inoue K. Acute suppression of endogenous testosterone levels by exogenous testosterone in normal men. Life Sciences 41: 945–949, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner FH. Anabolic steroids in aplastic anaemia. Acta Endo-crinologica 271: 87–96, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, et al. (Eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th ed, p. 47, New York, Mac-millan, New York, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Godsland IF, Shennan NM, Wynn V. Insulin action and dynamics modelled in patients taking anabolic steroid methandi-enone (Dianabol). Clinical Science 71: 665–673, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg L, Elliot DL. The effect of physical activity on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Medical Clinics of North America 69: 41–55, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman B, Bush P, Klatz R. (Eds). Death in the locker room: steroids, cocaine and sports, pp. 1–3, The Body Press, Tucson, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooren LJ. Long-term safety of the oral androgen testosterone undecanoate. International Journal of Andrology 9: 21–26, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon BS, Wolf J, Krause T, Shay F. Peliosis hepatis and cholestasis following administration of norethandrolone. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 33: 156–165, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gralnick HR, Rick ME. Danazol increases factor VIII and factor IX in classic haemophilia and Christmas disease. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 1393–1395, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gribbin HR, Flavell Matts, SG. Mode of action and use of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Clinical Practice 30: 3–9, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guy JT, Auslander MO. Androgenic steroids and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1: 148, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafner SM, Kushwana RS, et al. Studies on the metabolic mechanisms of reduced high density lipoproteins during anabolic steroid therapy. Metabolism 32: 413–420, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakkinen K, Alén M. Physiological performance, serum hormones, enzymes and lipids of an elite power athlete during training with and without androgens and during prolonged detraining: a case study. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 26: 92–100, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallagan JB, Hallagan LF, Snyder MB. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use by athletes. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 1042–1045, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harries N. Deaths of athletes. British Medical Journal 290: 656–657, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes R. The death of an athlete. Sports Illustrated 70: 68–78, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath GW, Ehsani AA, Hagberg JM, et al. Exercise training improves lipoprotein lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease. American Heart Journal 105: 889–895, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson JT, Richmond J, Sumerling MD. Androgenic-ana-bolic steroid therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1: 934, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Hervey G, Hutchinson I, Knibbs A, Burkinshaw L, Jones PRM, et al. ‘Anabolic’ effects of methandienone in men undergoing athletic training. Lancet 2: 699–702, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hervey GR. Are athletes wrong about steroids? British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 74–77, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hervey GR, Knibbs AV, Burkinshaw L, Morgan DB, Jones PRM, et al. Effects of methandienone on the performance and body composition of men undergoing athletic training. Clinical Sciences 60: 457–461, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC, Galassi TM, Kurowski TT, et al. Androgen and glucocorticoid mechanisms in exercise induced cardiac hypertrophy. American Journal of Physiology 246 (Suppl. 15): H761–H767, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC, Kurowski TT, Andrews GH, Capaaccio JA, Chatterton RT. Glucocorticoid cytosol binding in exercise-induced sparing of muscle atrophy. Journal of Applied Physiology 60: 1413–1419, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JA, Suker JR, et al. The athletic polydrug abuse problem. American Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 269–271, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holder FW. Anabolic detection and enforcement. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 98–100, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holma P. Effect of an anabolic steroid (methandienone) on central and peripheral blood flow in well-trained male athletes. Annals in Clinical Research 9: 215–221, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houssay AM. Effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids on the skin, including hair and sebaceous gland. In Kockakian (Ed.) Anabolic-androgenic steroids, pp. 155–190, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishak KG. Hepatic lesions caused by anabolic and contraceptive steroids. Seminars in Liver Disease 1: 116–128, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FL, et al. Association of androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2: 1273–1276, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FL, Fisher G, et al. Anabolic steroid effects on strength, body weight, oxygen uptake, and spermatogenesis upon mature males. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 43–45, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FL, Lerner KG, Siegsel M, Feagler JR, Majerus PW, et al. Association of androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy with development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2: 1273–1276, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FL, O’shea J. Anabolic steroids: effects on strength and development. Science 164: 957–959, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LC, Fisher G, et al. Anabolic steroid: effects on strength, body weight, oxygen uptake and spermatogenesis upon mature males. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 43–45, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LC, O’shea JP. Anabolic steroid: effects on strength development. Science 164: 957–959, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LC, Roundy ES, Allsen PE, Fisher AG, Silvester LJ. Effect of anabolic steroid treatment on endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports 7: 287–289, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson NJ, Donohoe TP. Anabolic steroids and sporting performance. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13: 171–173, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WD. Steroids: a problem of huge dimensions. Sports Illustrated 62: 38, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Joss EE. Anabolic steroids in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Acta Pediatrica Scadinavica 343 (Suppl.): 38–42, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kantor MA, Bianchini A, et al. Androgens reduce HDL2-chol-esterol and increase hepatic triglycéride lipase activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Physiology 17: 462–465, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karim A, et al. Oxandrolone disposition and metabolism in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14: 862–869, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley VC, Ruvalcaba RHA. Use of anabolic agents in treatment of short children. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 11:25–39, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keul J, Deus B, Kindermann W. Anabole Hormone: Schadigung, Leistungdfahigkeit und Stoffwechsel. Medizinische Klinik (Munchen) 71: 497–503, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilshaw BH, Harkness RA, Hobson BM, Smith AWM. The effects of large doses of the anabolic steroid, methandrosteno-lone, on an athlete. Clinical Endocrinology 4: 537–541. 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinson GA, Korecky B, Hebért B, Safkar K. Actions of anabolic steroids on the neonatal rat heart. Acta Endocrinologica 270 (Suppl.): 109, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintzen W, Silny J. Peliosis hepatis after administration of fluoxymesterone. Canadian Medical Association Journal 83: 860–862, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Király CL, Alén M, et al. Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on the sebaceous gland in power athletes. Acta Dermatologica Venereologica 67: 37–40, 1987a

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch C. Drugs and redemption. Bicycle Guide 6: 40–53, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian CD, Endahl BD. Changes in body weight of normal and castrated rats by different doses of testosterone propion-ate. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 100: 520–533, 1959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kockakian CD, Murlin JR. The effect of male hormone on the protein and energy metabolism of castrate dogs. Journal of Nutrition 10: 437, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig H, Goldstone A, Lu CY. Testosterone-mediated sexual dimorphism of the rodent heart: ventricular lysosomes, mitochondria and cell growth are modulated by androgens. Circulation Research 50: 782–787, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopera H. The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. Acta Endocrinologica 217 (Suppl.): 11–18, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramhoft M, Solgaard S. Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon after anabolic steroids. Journal of Hand Surgery 11B: 87, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb DR. Anabolic steroids in athletics: how well do they work and how dangerous are they? American Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 31, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb DR. Androgens and exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports 7: 1–5, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laron Z, Hochman IH, Keret R. Effect of methandrostenolone on pituitary growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children. Clinical Endocrinology 1: 91–97, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laron Z, Hochman IH, Keret R. The effect of methandrostenolone on the pituitary growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children. Clinical Endocrinology 1: 91–97, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees RS, Lees AM. Lipid lowering drugs: renewed enthusiasm. Drug Therapy 14: 57–74, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Link K, et al. The effect of androgens on the pulsatile release and the twenty-four hour mean concentration of growth hormone in peripubertal males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 62: 159–164, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungqvist A. The use of anabolic steroids in top Swedish athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 82, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungqvist A. Misuse of hormones in exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science 8: 51–55, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Loughton SJ, Ruhling RO. Human strength and endurance responses to anabolic steroid and training. Journal of Sports Medicine 17: 285–296, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowdell CP, Murray-Lyon IM. Reversal of liver damage due to long term methyltestosterone and safety of non-17 alpha al-kylated androgens. British Medical Journal 291: 637, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucking MT. Steroid hormones in sports special reference: sex hormones and their derivatives. International Journal of Sports Medicine 3: 65–67, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall D. Anabolic steroids. Physician and Sportsmedicine 11: 95–99, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre JG. Growth hormone and athletes. Sports Medicine 4: 129–142, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti-Henneberg C, Niirianen AK, Rappaport R. Oxandrolone treatment of constitutional short stature in boys during adolescence: effect on linear growth, bone age, pubic hair, and testicular development. Journal of Pediatrics 86: 783–788, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur KN, Gupta KK, Kulshrestha RP. Methandienone (Dianabol) in corneal ulcers. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 19: 136–138, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKillop G, Todd IC, et al. Increased left ventricular mass in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. British Journal of Sports Medicine 20: 151–152, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meadows AT, Naiman JL. Valdes-Dapena M. Hepatoma associated with androgen therapy for aplastic anaemia. Journal of Pediatrics 84: 109–110, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar AP. Anabolic steroids: should they be used to improve athletic performance? Current Therapeutics 26: 17–21, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller C. Anabolic steroids: an Australian sports physician goes public. Physician and Sports Medicine 14: 167–170, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokrohisky ST, Ambruso DR, Hathoway WE. Fulminant hepatic neoplasia after androgen therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 296: 1411–1412, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooradian AD, Morley JE, et al. Biological actions of androgens. Endocrine Reviews 8: 1–28, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore DC, Tattoni DS, Ruvalcaba RHA, Limbeck GA, Kelley VC. Studies of anabolic steroids. Pediatrics 90: 462–466, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore WV. Anabolic steroid use in adolescence. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 3484–3486, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosebach KO, Hausmann D, Caspari R, Stoeckel H. Deca-Durabolin and parenteral nutrition in post traumatic patients. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 60–69, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mylvaganam R, Ahn YS, et al. Immune modulation by danazol in autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 42: 281–287, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagelberg SB, Laue L, et al. Cerebrovascular accident associated with testosterone therapy in a 21-year-old hypogonadal man. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 649–650, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagelberg SB, Laue L, Loriaux D, Liu L, Sherins RJ. Letter to the Editor. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 649–650, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Need AG. Corticosteroids and osteoporosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 17: 267–272, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Need AG, Horowitz M, Bridges A, Morris HA, Nordin C. Effects of nandrolone decanoate and antiresorptive therapy on the vertebral density in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Archives of Internal Medicine 149: 57–60, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neff MS, et al. Anaemia in chronic renal failure. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl): 80–86, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neff MS, Goldberg J, Slifkin RF, Eiser AR, Calamia V, et al. Anaemia in chronic renal failure. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl): 80–86, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novich M. Drug abuse in sports. New York State Medical Journal 73: 2579–2600, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • O’shea JP. Anabolic steroid: effects on competitive swimmers. Nutrition Reports International 1: 337–342, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • O’shea JP. The effects of anabolic steroids on the dynamic strength levels of weight lifters. Nutrition Reports International 4: 363–370, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • O’shea JP. A biochemical evaluation of the effects of stanozolol on adrenal, liver and muscle function in humans. Nutrition Reports International 10: 381–388, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • O’shea JP. Anabolic steroids in sport: a biophysiological evaluation. Nutrition Reports International 17: 607–627, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • O’shea JP. Swimmers, Ph.D Thesis, University of Utah, 1970

  • O’shea JP, Winkler W. Biochemical and physical effects of an anabolic steroid in competitive swimmers and weight lifters. Nutrition Reports International 2: 351–362, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson GE, Fahey TD. HDL-C in five athletes using anabolic-androgenic steroids. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12: 120–130, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne AH. Anabolic steroids in athletics (or the rise of mediocrity). British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 83–88, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson AC, Schiff M, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in weight lifters. American Journal of Cardiology 58: 1254–1259, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perimutter G. Lowenthal DT. Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. American Family Physician 32: 208–210, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt-Kethley F. Ugly drugs behind the body beautiful. Canberra Times, p. 10, 4 June 1989

  • Prats SP, et al. Oxandrolone in hyperlipidemia with hypertri-glyceridemia. Terapia Antibiotica e Chemioterapia 22: 102–103, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Raiti S, Trais E, Levitsky L, Grossman MS. Oxandrolone and human growth hormone: comparison of growth-stimulating effects in short children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 126: 597–600, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid DM, Nicoll JJ, Smith MA, Tothill P, Nuki G, et al. The treatment of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis with anabolic steroids and microcrystalline calcium hydroxyapatite. Abstract no. 74. British Journal of Rheurtiatology 25 (Suppl. 2): 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogol AD. Drugs to enhance athletic performance in the adolescent. Seminars in Adolescent Medicine 1: 317–324, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogozkin V. Anabolic and androgenic effects of methandrosten-olone (Nerobol) during systematic physical activity in rats. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 65–69, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogozkin V. Metabolic effects of anabolic steroid on skeletal muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports 11: 160–163, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rommerts FFG. How much androgen is required for sperma-togenesis? Journal of Endocrinology 116: 7–9, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs BA, Wolfman L. Effect of oxandrolone on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of patients with disorders of lipid metabolism. Metabolism 17: 400–410, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Salke RC, Rowland TW, Burke EJ. Left ventricular size and function in body builders using anabolic steroids. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 701–704, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon US, Geist SH. Effect of androgens upon libido in women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 3: 235–238, 1943

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salt PJ. Inhibition of noradrenaline uptake in the isolated rat heart by steroids, conidine and methoxylated phenylethylamines. European Journal of Pharmacology 20: 329–340, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvatore R. Short stature evaluation and treatment. Paediatric Annals 9: 135–141, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafter AI. The hypercoagulable states. Annals of Internal Medicine 102: 814–828, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Schapel GJ, Edwards KDG. Efficacy and interactions of oxandrolone, halofenate and clofibrate in a factorial study on experimental acute nephrotic hyperlipidemia. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 194: 274–284, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurs AHWM, Verheul HAM, Schot LPC. Experimental work with anabolics in autoimmunity models. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 97–108, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozawa Z, Yamada H, Mabuchi C, Hotta T, Saito M, et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis associated with androgen therapy for hypoplasic anaemia. Annals of Neurology 12: 578–580, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha AK. Anabolic steroid (methandienone) in corneal ulcers. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 66: 202–203, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solberg S. Anabolic steroids in Norwegian weightlifters. British Journal of Sports Medicine 16: 169–171, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanhope R, Buchanan CR, Fenn GC, Preece MA. Double blind placebo controlled trial of low dose oxandrolone in the treatment of boys with constitutional delay of growth in puberty. Archives of Diseases of Children 63: 501–505, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinetz BG, Giannina T, Butler M, Popick F. The role of growth hormone in the anabolic action of methandrostenolone. Endocrinology 90: 1396–1399, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stellmach-Longo L, Byzewski L, et al. Low HDL-cholesterol in male body builders on anabolic steroids. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18: S14, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss RH, Wright JE, Finerman GA, et al. Side effects of anabolic steroids in weight trained men. Physician and Sports-medicine 1: 87, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland AL. Steroids: do they enhance athletic performance? Journal of the Southern Carolina Medical Association 84: 59–62, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stromme SB, Meen HD, Aakvaag A. Effects of an androgenic-anaboloic steroid on strength development and plasma testosterone levels in normal males. Medicine and Science in Sports 8: 203–208, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton JR, Coleman MJ, Casey J, Lazarus L. Androgen responses during physical exercise. British Medical Journal 163: 520–522, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney EC, Evans DJ. Hepatic lesions in patients treated with synthetic anabolic steroids. Journal of Clinical Pathology 29: 626–633, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor W, Black A. Pervasive anabolic steroid use among healthy club athletes. Annals of Sports Medicine 3: 155–159, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor WN. Synthetic anabolic steroids: a plea for controlled substance status. Physician and Sports Medicine 16: 140–151, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, et al. Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 261: 1165–1168, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todd T. Anabolic steroids: the gremlins of sport. Journal of Sports History 14: 87–107, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treed DL, Banks AJ, et al. Anabolic steroids in athletes: crossover double blind trial on weight lifters. British Medical Journal 2: 471–473, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner R. Deca-Durabolin and cytotoxic drugs. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 70–79, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unknown. Underground steroid handbook for men and women 2: 1984

  • Van der Vies J. Implications of basic pharmacology in the therapy with esters of nandrolone. Acta Endocrinologica 27–1 (Suppl.): 38–44, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Merwe PJ, Hundt HKL, et al. Drugs in sport: the first five years of testing in South Africa. Journal of the South African Medical Association 74: 161–162, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • VanHelder WP, Casey K, Goode RC, Radomski WM. Growth hormone regulation in two types of aerobic exercise of equal oxygen uptake. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 236–239, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanHelder WP, Radomski MW, Goode RC. Growth hormone responses during intermittent weight lifting exercise in men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 53: 31–34, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesalis CE, Herrick RT, et al. Self-reported use of anabolic-an-drogenic steroids by elite power lifters. Physician and Sports-medicine 16: 91–100, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Vihko R. Endocrine consequences of androgenic-anabolic steroids in male athletes. New Studies in Athletics 1 (Suppl.): 141–147, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade N. Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren’t listening. Science 176: 1399–1403, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward P. The effect of an anabolic steroid on strength and lean body mass. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 5: 277–282, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward RJ, et al. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for the detection and identification of anabolic steroid drugs. British Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 93–97, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wexler BC. Comparative effects of cortisone, dianabol and enovid on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in arterio-sclerotic vs nonarteriosclerotic rats. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 57: 663–685, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler GD, Wall SR, et al. Reduced serum testosterone and prolactin levels in male distance runners. Journal of the American Medical Association 252: 514–516, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijnand HP, Bosch AM, Donker CW. Pharmacokinetic parameters of androlone (19-nortestosterone) after intramuscular administration of nandrolone decanoate (deca-durabolone) to healthy volunteers. Acta Endocrinologica 271 (Suppl.): 19–30, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JD. Androgen abuse by athletes. Endocrine Reviews 9: 181–196, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JD, George FD, et al. The hormonal control of sexual development. Science 211: 1278–1284, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JD, Griffin JE. The use and misuse of androgens. Metabolism 29: 1278–1295, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor R, Dumitru D. Prevalence of anabolic steroid use by male and female adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 21: 494–497, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor RE, Dimitru D. Anabolic steroid use by athletes: how serious are the health hazards? Postgraduate Medicine. 84: 37–49, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn V, Landon J, Kawerau E. Studies of hepatic function during methandienone therapy. Lancet 1: 69–75, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zak FG. Peliosis hepatis. American Journal of Pathology 26: 1–15, 1950

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zangeneh F, Steiner MM. Oxandrolone therapy in growth retardation in children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 113: 234–241, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss J, Smith RR, Taha AM. Iliopsoas hypertrophy mimicking acute abdomen in a bodybuilder. Gastrointestinal Radiology 12: 340–342, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegenfuss J, Carabasi R. Androgens and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1: 262, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia

    Stewart Graham &  Michael Kennedy

  2. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Stewart Graham &  Michael Kennedy

  3. Manly Hospital, Manly, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Stewart Graham &  Michael Kennedy

Authors
  1. Stewart Graham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Kennedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Graham, S., Kennedy, M. Recent Developments in the Toxicology of Anabolic Steroids. Drug-Safety 5, 458–476 (1990). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199005060-00007

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199005060-00007

Keywords

Search

Navigation