Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drugs Affecting the Inner Ear

A Review of Their Clinical Efficacy, Mechanisms of Action, Toxicity, and Place in Therapy

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Many drugs have a site of action within the inner ear. The list includes therapeutic, diagnostic and ototoxic agents.

Therapeutic agents are most useful in cases of infections, endolymphatic hydrops, vascular insufficiency, vertigo of peripheral origin, autoimmune disease, otosclerosis (otospongiosis), sudden hearing loss and tinnitus. For infections, the most widely used antimicrobial agents are the penicillins and cephalosporins. There are no antiviral agents that have been proven useful for inner ear viral infections. However, steroids have been of some value for controlling some of the sequelae. Steroids have also been useful in conjunction with ampicillin in cases of syphilitic hearing loss. In cases of endolymphatic hydrops, the diuretics chlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide and acetazolamide have been useful. When diuretic and diet therapy cannot control endolymphatic hydrops, ototoxic drugs such as streptomycin have been used. In cases of vascular insufficiency within the inner ear, vasodilators such as carbon dioxide, papaverine, buphenine (nylidrin), naftidrofuryl (nafronyl) and thymoxamine have been recommended, but their true efficacy is questionable. Some success with betahistine has been achieved but the mechanism of this drug’s action may be other than vasodilatation. Vertigo is best controlled with antihistamines and anti-cholinergics and with certain calcium channel blockers. Autoimmune inner ear disease appears to respond to a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide. Although controversial, current pharmacotherapy for otosclerosis includes sodium fluoride. Sudden hearing loss is treated with a ’shotgun’ combination of drugs and/or bed rest. There are as yet no drugs which can be used to routinely reduce tinnitus although some medications may help the patient tolerate the problem. Lignocaine (lidocaine) is useful in diagnosing, and very evanescently reducing, tinnitus. Glycerin (glycerol) is useful in diagnosing endolymphatic hydrops and may at times transiently reduce tinnitus.

The drugs most noted for their ototoxicity are the aminoglycoside antibiotics, certain diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, certain anticancer agents and some miscellaneous chemicals.

Some new research drugs are in clinical trials for tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo, and the rational search for new otopharmacotherapeutic agents is increasing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramowicz M (Ed.). The medical letter handbook of antimicrobial therapy, revised ed., The Medical Letter Inc., New York, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Altschuler RA, Bobbin RP, Hoffman DW (Eds). Neurobiology of hearing: the cochlea, Raven Press, New York, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RG, Meyerhoff WL. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otological Clinics of North America 16: 189–195, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anniko M, Sarkady L. Cochlear pathology following exposure to mercury. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 85: 213–224, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aran J-M. Electrophysiology of cochlea toxicity. In Lerner et al. (Eds) Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, pp. 31–47, Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Arslan M. Modifications of the osmotic pressure of perilymph and endolymph. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 67: 360–377, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asakuma S, Snow JB. Biolectric phenomena in the ototoxicity of nitrogen mustard. Journal of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties 86: 888–895, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aursnes J. Vestibular damage from chlorhexidine in guinea pigs. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 92: 89–100, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aursnes J. Ototoxic effect of iodine disinfectants. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 93: 219–226, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson A. The vascular anatomy of the cochlea in the guinea pig and in man. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 243 (Suppl.): 1–20, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Babin RW, Balkany TJ, Fee WE. Transdermal scopolamine in the treatment of vertigo. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 93: 25–27, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW, Honrubia V. Clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system, F.A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes GR. The effects of ethyl alcohol on visual pursuit and suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 406 (Suppl.): 161–166, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron SE, Daigneault EA. Effect of cisplatin on hair cell morphology and lateral wall Na, K-ATPase activity. Hearing Research 26: 13M37, 1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck CHL, Schmidt CL. 10 years experience with intratympanically applied streptomycin (gentamicin) in the therapy of Morbus Ménière. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 221: 140–152, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmen H, Trotsky MB. Cogan’s syndrome treated with oral glycerine: report of a case. Archives of Otolaryngology 91: 179–182, 1970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand RA. Long-term evaluation of the treatment of Ménière’s disease with betahistine HC1. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 28: 104–110, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bluestone CD, Shwin PA. Middle ear disease in children, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Pediatric Clinics of North America 21: 379–400, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobbin RP, Bledsoe SC, Jenison GL. Neurotransmitters of the cochlea and lateral line organ. In Berlin CI (Ed.) Hearing sciences: recent advances, pp. 159–180, College-Hill Press, San Diego, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobbin RP, Gondra MI. Effect of aminoxyacetic acid on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 84: 192–197, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobbin RP, Gonazlez G, Guth PS. Effects of aminoxyacetic acid on cochlear potentials and the Preyer reflex. Nature 223: 70–71, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boelen HJJ. Steroid treatment in sudden idiopathic neural deafness. Archives of Ototology, Rhinology and Laryngology 222: 29–34, 1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosher SK, Smith C, Warren RL. Effects of ethacrynic acid upon the cochlear endolymph and stria vascularis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 75: 184–187, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretlau P, Causse J, Causse J-B, Hansen JH, Johnson NJ, et al. Otospongiosis and sodium fluoride: a blind experimental and clinical evaluation of the effect of sodium fluoride treatment in patients with otospongiosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 94: 103–107, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes GB, Booth JB. Oral acetazolamide in Ménière’s disease. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 98: 1087–1095, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RD, Feldman AM. Pharmacology of hearing and ototoxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 18: 233–252, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brummett RE. Drug-induced ototoxicity. Drugs 19: 412–428, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brummett RE. Effects of antibiotic-diuretic interactions in the guinea pig model of ototoxicity. Review of Infectious Diseases 3 (Suppl.): 5216–5223, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Canty P, Valentine J, Papworth SJ. Betahistine in peripheral vertigo: a double blind placebo-controlled, cross-over study of Serc® versus placebo. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 95: 687–692, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cathcart J-M. Assessment of the value of tocainide hydrochloride in the treatment of tinnitus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 96: 981–984, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colletti V, Sittoni V, Shaddock LC. An experimental study of inner ear pathology due to NaCl on the round window. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 101: 53–58, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson I. Tegretol: a double blind trial in tinnitus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 5: 947–951, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson JA. Heparin therapy for sudden hearing loss. Archives of Otolaryngology 105: 351–352, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douek EE, Dodson HC, Bunnister LH. The effects of sodium salicylate on the cochlea of guinea pigs. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93: 793–799, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas WW. Histamine and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) and their antagonists. In Goodman & Gilman (Eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th ed., pp. 607–608, MacMillan Publ. Co., New York, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi GA, Mehra YN. Ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate: a case report. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 92: 701–703, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberger K, Berkoe E, Felix D. Suppressive action of picrotoxin, GABA antagonist, on labyrinthine spontaneous nystagmus and vertigo in man. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 93: 269–273, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberger K, Brix R. Glutamic acid and glutamic acid diethylester in tinnitus treatment. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 95: 599–605, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel MB. Specific calcium antagonists in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Angiology 30: 454–457, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett JR, Shea JJ. Diatrizoate meglumine treatment for sudden hearing loss. Laryngoscope 89: 1229–1238, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett JR, Shea JJ. Treatment of tinnitus with tocainide hydrochloride. Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery 88: 442–446, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englesson S, Larsson B, Lindquist NG, Lyttken SL, Stahle J. Accumulation of l4 C-lidocaine in the inner ear. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 82: 297–300, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks DNF. Antimicrobial therapy in otolaryngology — head and neck surgery, 4th ed., American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Inc., Washington DC, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Felix D, Ehrenberger K. The action of putative neurotransmitter substances in the cat labyrinth. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 93:103–106, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fradis M, Podoshin L, Ben-David J, Reiner B. Treatment of Ménière’s disease by intratympanic injection of lidocaine. Archives of Otolaryngology 111: 491–493, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frew IJC, Menon GN. Betahistine hydrochloride in Ménière’s disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal 52: 501–503, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganong WE Review of medical physiology, 9th ed., p. 457, Lange Medical Publ., Los Angeles, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay LN, Carliner PE. The prevention and treatment of motion sickness. Science 109: 359, 1949

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gejrot T. Intravenous xylocaine in the treatment of attacks of Ménière’s disease. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 82: 301–302, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson WPR, Ramsden RT, Moffat DA. The immediate effects of naftidrofuryl on the human electrocochleogram in Ménière’s disorder. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 91: 679–696, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham MD, Kemink JL. Titration streptomycin therapy for Ménière’s disease: a progress report. American Journal of Otology 5: 534–535, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel A, Wood CP, Miller EF, Chaner DB. Diagnostic criteria for grading the severity of acute motion sickness. Aerospace Medicine 39: 453–456, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guth PS, Norris CH, Bobbin RP. The pharmacology of transmission in the peripheral auditory system. Pharmacological Reviews 28: 97–98, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Guth PS, Norris CH, Guth SL, Quine DB, Williams WH. Cholinomimetics mimic efferent effects on semicircular canal afferent activity. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 102: 194–203, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harpur ES. The pharmacology of ototoxic drugs. British Journal of Audiology 16: 81–93, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JE. Antibiotics and the inner ear. Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 63: 206–218, 1959

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JE. Drug ototoxicity. In Keidel & Neff (Eds) Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. 5, pp. 707–748, Springer, New York, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JE, Johnson L-G. Histopathology of cochlear and vestibular ototoxicity in laboratory animals. In Lerner et al. (Eds) Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, pp. 175–214, Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes BF, Pikus A, Kaiser-Kupfer M, Fauci AS. Successful treatment of sudden hearing loss in Cogan’s syndrome with corticosteroids. Arthritis and Rheumatism 24: 501–503, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirashima N. Blocking effect of radio-contrast media on cochlea depression. Annals of Otology 87: 32–36, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulshof JF, Vermeij P. The value of tocainide in the treatment of tinnitus. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 241: 279–283, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi Y, Suzuki U-I. Cochlear ototoxicity of chlorhexidine gluconate in cats. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 242: 167–176, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israel JM, Connelly TS, McTigue ST, Brummett RE, Brown J. Lidocaine in the treatment of tinnitus aurium: a double-blind study. Archives of Otolaryngology 108: 471–473, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson P. Electrocochleographic findings and the effects of lidocaine on tinnitus in non-hearing ears. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 99: 667–670, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen JA, Daniel B. Vestibular reactions associated with minocycline. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8: 453–455, 1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis JF. A case of unilateral permanent deafness following acetylsalicylic acid. Journal of Laryngology 80: 318, 1966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenison GL, Bobbin RP. Quisqualate excites spiral ganglion neurons of the guinea pig. Hearing Research 20: 261–265, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juju BP, Wang SC. Effects of diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate on vestibular neuronal activity of cat: a search for the locus of their antimotion sickness action. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 176: 718–724, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlmeter G, Dahlages JI. Aminoglycoside toxicity: a review of clinical studies published between 1975 and 1982. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 13 (Suppl. A): 9–22, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karmody CS, Weinstein L. Reversible sensorineural hearing loss with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. Annals of Otology 86: 9–11, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsten EB, Sharma JN. Microiontophoresis of acetylcholine, histamine and their antagonists on neurons in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of the cat. Neuropharmacology 15: 743–747, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisiel DL, Bobbin RP. Miscellaneous ototoxic agents. In Brown & Daigneault (Eds) Pharmacology of hearing, pp. 231–270, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinke R. Neurotransmitters in the cochlea and the cochlear nucleus. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 91: 541–549, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klockhoff I. The effect of glycerin on fluctuant hearing loss. Otolaryngology Clinics of North America 8: 345–355, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klockhoff I, Lindblom U. Endolymphatic hydrops revealed by glycerol test: preliminary report. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 61: 459–462, 1966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klockhoff I, Lindblom U, Stahle J. Diuretic treatment of Ménière disease. Archives of Otolaryngology 100: 262–265, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange G. Transtympanic treatment for Ménière’s disease with gentamicin sulfate. In Vosteen et al. (Eds) Ménière’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, pp. 208–210, Thieme-Stratton, New York, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee KJ. Essential otolaryngology, 3rd ed., pp. 157–165, Medical Examination Publishing Co.,New Hyde Park, New York, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim DJ. Effects of noise and ototoxic drugs at the cellular level in the cochlea. American Journal of Otolaryngology 7: 73–99, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindeman HH. Regional differences in sensitivity of the vestibular sensory epithelia to ototoxic antibiotics. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 67: 177–189, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks JS. Motor polyneuropathy and nystagmus associated with chloroquine phosphate. Postgraduate Medical Journal 55: 569, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks NJ, Onisiphorou C, Trounce JR. The effect of single doses of amylobarbitone sodium and carbamazepine in tinnitus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 95: 941–945, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlowe FI. Drug treatment of Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology Clinics of North America 6: 119–130, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FW, Colman BH. Tinnitus: a double blind crossover controlled trial to evaluate the use of lignocaine. Clinical Otolaryngology 5: 3–11, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathog R, Klein WG. Ototoxicity of ethacrynic acid and aminoglycoside antibiotics in uraemia. New England Journal of Medicine 280: 1223, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka I, Ito J, Takahashi H, Sasa M, Takaori S. Experimental vestibular pharmacology: a minireview with special reference to neuroactive substances and antivertigo drugs. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 419 (Suppl.): 62–70, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattox DE. Medical management of sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery 88: 111–113, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattox DE, Goode RL. Temporary loss of hearing after a glycerin test. Archives of Otolaryngology 104: 359–361, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattox DE, Simmons BF. Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 86: 463–466, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matz GJ. Ototoxic drugs. In Collins SL (Ed.) Pharmacology in otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, 1st ed., pp. 20–28, American Academy of Ototolaryngology Foundation Inc., Rochester, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Matz GJ, Beal DD, Krames L. Ototoxicity of ethacrynic acid. Archives of Otolaryngology 90: 152–156, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe BF. Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 88: 585–589, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe B, Sekitani T, Tyu J. Drug effects on postlabyrinthectomy nystagmus. Archives of Otolaryngology 98: 309–314, 1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick MS, Thomas JN. Mexiletine in the relief of tinnitus: a report on a sequential double-blind crossover trial. Clinical Otology and Laryngology 6: 255–258, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ. The treatment of tinnitus with oral anti-convulsants. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 93: 111–122, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ, Thorne PR. The use of intravenous lignocaine in the diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 92: 115–121, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mery J-P, Kanfer A. Hearing loss and erythromycin pharmacokinetics in patients receiving hemodialysis. Archives of Internal Medicine 144: 419–420, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meza G, Carabez A, Ruiz M. GABA synthesis in isolated vestibularly cristae of chick inner ear. Brain Research 241: 157–161, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JJ. Handbook of ototoxicity, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Molinari GA. Alterations of inner ear mechanisms resulting from application of sodium chloride to the round window membrane. Annals of Otology 81: 315–322, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mollering RC. Principles of anti-infective therapy. In Mandell et al. (Eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 2nd ed., pp. 153–164, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan E, Kelly P, Nies K, Porter WW, Paulus HE. Tinnitus as an indication of therapeutic serum salicylate levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 226: 142–145, 1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morimitsu T, Hirashima N, Yasuda K. Sudden deafness treated successfully with amidotrizoate. Audiology Japan 17: 541–542, 1974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morizono T, Paparella MM, Juhn SK. Ototoxicity of propylene glycol in experimental animals. American Journal of Otolaryngology 1: 393–399, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morizono T, Sikora M. The ototoxicity of topically applied providone-iodine solutions. Archives of Otolaryngology 108: 210–213, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison MD, Blakley BW. The effects of indomethacin on inner ear fluids and morphology. Journal of Otolaryngology 7: 149–157, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakai Y, Morimoto A, Chang K-C, Yamanaka M, Nishisato K. Inner ear damage induced by bacterial endotoxin. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 229: 209–220, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norell I, Stahle J. Treatment of Ménière’s disease with hydrochlorothiazide. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 54: 447–456, 1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris CH. Vestibular pharmacology. In Brown & Daigneault (Eds), Pharmacology of hearing: experimental and clinical bases, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 305–325, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris CH, Jackson RT. Inhibition by astemizole of activity from the isolated semicircular canal. Archives of Otolaryngology 113: 981–983, 1987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris CH, Sawatsky SL, Brocato GD, Tabb HG. Application of streptomycin to the lateral semicircular canal. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, in press, 1988

  • Oosterveld WJ. Vestibular pharmacology of flunarizine compared to that of cinnarizine. Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 36: 157–164, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterveld WJ. Flunarizine in vertigo: a double blind placebocontrolled cross-over evaluation of a constant dose schedule. Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 44: 72–80, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterveld WJ. Betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of vertigo of peripheral vestibular origin. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 98: 37–41, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oudot J, Pignat JC, Martin H. Intoxication algue à l’aspirine et surdite: à propos de locas. Journal of French Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 28: 687, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaltz CR, Matefi L. Ménière’s disease — or syndrome? A critical review of diagnose criteria. In Vosteen et al. (Eds) Ménière’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, pp. 1–10, Thieme-Stratton, New York, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickles JO. An introduction to the physiology of hearing, Academic Press, London, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Prazma J. Ototoxicity of diuretics. In Brown & Daigneault (Eds), Pharmacology of hearing, pp. 197–229, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Prazma J, Ferguson SD, Kidwell SA, Garrison HG, Fischer J. Alteration of aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity by hyper-and hypohydration. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2: 299–306, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pragma J, Thomas WG, Fischer ND, Preslar MJ. Ototoxicity of ethacrynic acid. Archives of Otolaryngology 95: 448–451, 1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyykko I, Schalen L, Matsuoka I. Transdermally administered scopolamine vs dimenhydrinate. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 99: 597–604, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinnan GV, McCabe WR. Ototoxicity of erythromycin. Lancet 1: 1160–1161, 1978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raivio M, Marjaleena K. Hearing disorders after hemophilus influenza meningitis. Archives of Otolaryngology 104: 340–344, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed HT, Meltzer J, Crews P, Norris CH, Quine DB, et al. Amino-oxyacetic acid as a palliative in tinnitus. Archives of Otolaryngology 111: 803–805, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rietz R, Troia BW, Yonkers AJ, Norris TW. Glycerol-induced positional nystagmus in human beings. Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery 97: 282–287, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DB. The etiology of bullous myringitis and the role of mycoplasms in ear disease: a review. Pediatrics 65: 761–766, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick MD, Ginsberg IA, Huber PS. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity following middle ear infection. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 89 (Suppl.): 2–20, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell NJ, Fox KE, Brummett RE. Ototoxic effects of the interaction between kanamycin and ethacrynic acid. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 188: 369–381, 1979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruth RA, Gal TJ, DiFazio CA, Moscicki SC. Brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials during lidocaine infusion in humans. Archives of Otolaryngology 111: 799–802, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rybak LP. Drug ototoxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 26: 79–99, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sande MA, Mandell GL. Antimicrobial agents. In Goodman & Gilman (Eds), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th ed., pp. 1179–1184, MacMillan Publ. Co., New York, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders WH, Gardier RW. Pharmacotherapy in otolaryngology, pp. 27–33, 118–149, The CV Mosby Co., St Louis, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen K, Riihimaki V, Vaheri E, Linnoila M. Effects of xylene and alcohol on vestibular and visual functions in man. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 6: 94–103, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schacht J. Biochemistry of neomycin ototoxicity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59: 940–944, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schayer RW. Evidence that induced histamine is an intrinsic regulator of the microcirculation system. American Journal of Physiology 202: 66–72, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg P. Effect of nicotinic acid on cerebral circulation, with observations on extracerebral contamination of cerebral venous blood in nitrous oxide procedure for cerebral blood flow. Circulation 1: 1148, 1950

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt LG, Shaw JE. Alleviation of induced vertigo. Archives of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery 112: 88–91, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serafy A, Hashash M, State F. The effect of vinblastine sulphate on the neurological elements of the rabbit cochlea. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 6: 975–979, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Shambaugh GE, Causse J. Ten years experience with fluoride in otosclerotic (otospongiotic) patients. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 83: 635–637, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Shambaugh GE, Glasscock ME. Surgery of the ear, 3rd ed., p. 531, W.B. Saunders Co., London, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea JJ. Perfusion of the inner ear with streptomycin. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, in press, 1988

  • Shea JJ, Bowers RE. Diagnosis and treatment of fluctuant hearing loss. Otolaryngology Clinics of North America 8: 431–438, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea JJ, Harell M. Management of tinnitus aurium with lidocaine and carbamazepine. Laryngoscope 88: 1477–1484, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinkawa H, Kimura RS. Effects of diuretics on endolymphatic hydrops. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 101: 43–52, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozawa A, Ichikawa Y, Ishikawa M, Kogo Y, Kurashige S, et al. Antivertigo Agents II. Structure-activity relationships of 6-substituted 5,6,78-tetrahydro-l,6-naphthyridines. Chemical Pharmacology Bulletin 32: 995–1005, 1984a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozawa A, Ichikawa Y, Komuro C, Idzu G, Ishikawa M, et al. Antivertigo agents I. Structure-activity relationships of 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridines. Chemical Pharmacology Bulletin 32: 553–563, 1984b

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton EF, Schuknecht HF. Streptomycin sulfate in management of Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngological Clinics of North America 13: 531–539, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Skalabrin TA, Mangham CA. Analysis of the glycerin test for Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery 96: 282–288, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder JM. Extensive use of a diagnostic test for Ménière’s disease. Archives of Otolaryngology 100: 360–365, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahle J, Lyttkens L, Larsson B. Some views on medical treatment in Ménière’s disease: use of urea and target-seeking drugs. In Vosteen et al. (Eds) Ménière’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, pp. 199–208, Thieme-Strathan, New York, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Stange G, Soda T, Beck CHL. Elektrophysiologische Ergenbrisse bei Ototoxicitatsminderung basischer Streptomycesanti-biotika. Archiv Fur Klinische und Experimentelle Ohren-Nasenund Kehlkopfheilkunde (Berlin) 188: 242, 1967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga F, Snow JB. Cochlear blood flow in response to vasodilating drugs and some related agents. Laryngoscope 79: 1956–1979, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunahara FA, Farewell J, Mintz L, Johnson WH. Pharmacological interventions for motion sickness: cardiovascular effects. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 58: A270–A276, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes H. The ototoxicity of chloroquine sulphate in the guinea pig. British Journal of Audiology 18: 59–69, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takumida M, Tagashira N. Inner ear damage induced by Mycobacterium fortuitum. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 243: 121–125, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towse G. Cinnarizine: a labyrinthine sedative. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 94: 1009–1015, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran Ba Huy P, Manuel C, Neulemans A. Kinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics in perilymph and in endolymph in animals. In Lerner et al. (Eds) Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, pp. 81–98, Little Brown, Boston, 19810

  • Van de Water SM, Arenberg IK, Balkang TJ. Auditory dehydration testing: glycerol versus urea. American Journal of Otolaryngology 7: 200–203, 1986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voldrich L. The kinetics of streptomycin, kanamycin and neo-mycin in the inner ear. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 60: 243–248, 1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JA, Oliver BM, Snyder SH. Aminoglycoside effects on voltage-sensitive calcium channels and neurotoxicity. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1669, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward PH, Honrubia V. The effects of local anesthetics on the cochlea of guinea pigs. Laryngoscope 79: 1605–1617, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Ogawa A. Carbonic anhydrase activity in stria vascularis and dark cells in vestibular labyrinth. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 93: 262–266, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner IM, Mudge GH. Diuretics and other agents employed in the mobilization of edema fluid. In Goodman & Gilman (Eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th ed., pp. 887–907, MacMillan Publ. Co., New York, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner ND, Schacht J. Biochemical model of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. In Lerner et al. (Eds) Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, pp. 113–121, Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • West BA, Brummett RE, Hirnes DL. Interaction of kanamycin and ethacrynic acid. Archives of Otolaryngology 98: 32–37, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams HL. Present status of diagnosis and treatment of endolymphatic hydrops (Ménière’s disease). Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 56: 614–646, 1947

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson WH. Intravenous and optimum-dosage histamine therapy in Ménière’s disease. Archives of Otolaryngology 97: 139–141, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright CG. Inner ear histopathology in patients treated with cisplatinum. Laryngoscope 92: 1408–1413, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo T-J. Autoimmune disorders of the cochlea. In Altschuler et al. (ntEds) Neurobiology of hearing: the cochlea, pp. 425–439, Raven Press, New York, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Young JR. Retrospective assessment of thymoxamine (opilon) in the treatment of Ménière’s disease. Journal of Internal Medicine Research 6: 166–168, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zee DS. Perspectives on the pharmacotherapy of vertigo. Archives of Otolaryngology 111: 609–612, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA

    Charles H. Norris

Authors
  1. Charles H. Norris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Norris, C.H. Drugs Affecting the Inner Ear. Drugs 36, 754–772 (1988). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198836060-00005

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198836060-00005

Keywords

Search

Navigation