Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death in both sexes in developed countries for decades. In general, men and women share the same cardiovascular risk factors. However, in recent trials including both men and women sexspecific analyses have raised awareness of sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors due to both biological and cultural differences.
Results: Women experience their first myocardial infarction (MI) 6-10 years later than men and a protective effect of their natural estrogen status prior to menopause has been suggested. Female sex hormones have been associated with a less atherogenic lipid profile and a more healthy fat distribution. These differences are attenuated following menopause. Regarding life style the prevalence of smoking is highest in men but female smokers have a relatively higher cardiovascular risk than male smokers. Men are more physically active than women while women have healthier dietary habits. Genetic factors also affect cardiovascular risk but no sex differences have been seen. Increased cardiovascular risk attributed to psychosocial distress is similar in men and women, but since women are more prone to psychosocial distress their burden of disease is greater. Compared with a healthy population the relative risk of MI in a diabetic population is higher in women than in men. No sex difference exists in the prevalence of hypertension but it has an earlier onset in men.
Conclusion: Sex differences in cardiovascular risk are becoming more apparent and paying attention to this is pivotal when addressing risk factors in preventive efforts.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Sex differences, Cardiovascular risk factors, Psychosocial risk factors.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men: A Review of the Current Literature
Volume: 22 Issue: 25
Author(s): Lene Rørholm Pedersen, Daria Frestad, Marie Mide Michelsen, Naja Dam Mygind, Hanne Rasmusen, Hannah Elena Suhrs and Eva Prescott
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Sex differences, Cardiovascular risk factors, Psychosocial risk factors.
Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death in both sexes in developed countries for decades. In general, men and women share the same cardiovascular risk factors. However, in recent trials including both men and women sexspecific analyses have raised awareness of sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors due to both biological and cultural differences.
Results: Women experience their first myocardial infarction (MI) 6-10 years later than men and a protective effect of their natural estrogen status prior to menopause has been suggested. Female sex hormones have been associated with a less atherogenic lipid profile and a more healthy fat distribution. These differences are attenuated following menopause. Regarding life style the prevalence of smoking is highest in men but female smokers have a relatively higher cardiovascular risk than male smokers. Men are more physically active than women while women have healthier dietary habits. Genetic factors also affect cardiovascular risk but no sex differences have been seen. Increased cardiovascular risk attributed to psychosocial distress is similar in men and women, but since women are more prone to psychosocial distress their burden of disease is greater. Compared with a healthy population the relative risk of MI in a diabetic population is higher in women than in men. No sex difference exists in the prevalence of hypertension but it has an earlier onset in men.
Conclusion: Sex differences in cardiovascular risk are becoming more apparent and paying attention to this is pivotal when addressing risk factors in preventive efforts.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Pedersen Rørholm Lene, Frestad Daria, Michelsen Mide Marie, Mygind Dam Naja, Rasmusen Hanne, Suhrs Elena Hannah and Prescott Eva, Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men: A Review of the Current Literature, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (25) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160309115318
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160309115318 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
?Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Nano-Therapeutics Targeting Tumor Microenvironment?
This thematic issue explores the forefront of cancer treatment, centering on the groundbreaking potential of nano-therapeutics meticulously designed to target the tumor microenvironment. At its core, the issue aims to unravel the latest advancements in nanotechnology, showcasing innovative materials, formulations, and delivery systems that hold promise for redefining cancer therapeutics. ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mediterranean Diet and Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Current Aging Science Structure-Based Discovery of PDEs Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Biomarkers in Atrial Fibrillation; From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment
Current Medicinal Chemistry A Nested Case-Control Study of Serum Fasting Lipid Profiles in Pre- Eclamptic Primigravidas in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Current Hypertension Reviews Vulnerable Plaque and Inflammation: Potential Clinical Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Disorders: A Better Night’s Sleep for a Healthier Heart / From Bench to Bedside
Current Vascular Pharmacology Neutrophil Cell Count is Related to Hypertension in Workers: A Cross- Sectional Study
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Angiogenic Growth Factors in the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Evident Cardiovascular Disease: An Investigation Using the SPRINT Study Data
Current Vascular Pharmacology Platelet Turnover in Atherothrombotic Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Antimicrobial Agents Deriving from Indigenous Plants
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Organ- and Cell-Type Specific Delivery of Kinase Inhibitors: A Novel Approach in the Development of Targeted Drugs
Current Molecular Pharmacology Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Antagonists and Agonists
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents Benefit of SERCA2a Gene Transfer to Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells: A New Aspect in Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Vascular Pharmacology Editorial [ Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Therapeutic Approaches (Guest Editor: Dimitris Tousoulis)]
Current Vascular Pharmacology Oxidative Stress Correlates (OSC) in Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Neuroinflammatory Markers in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Relationship Between Inflammation, Dyslipidemia and Physical Exercise: From the Epidemiological to Molecular Approach
Current Diabetes Reviews Editorial from Editor-in-Chief (Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension: Are We Getting Closer to the Answer?)
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews