Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, has become an important public health problem. Considerable differences in the prevalence of the MetS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects have been reported, as a consequence of several limitations regarding the diagnostic critera for MetS. New evidence suggests that the use of optimal waist cut-off points specific for the various ethnic populations could represent a step forward in overcoming these limitations. Also the use of specific cut-off points for measuring upper trunk fat as an adjunctive criterion of MetS in HIV patients with lipodystrophy could represent an interesting new research topic. Although metabolic disorders have been associated indirectly with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), directly with HIV infection per se or with host conditions, current circumstances could change the framework of MetS in the HIV setting: For example, the aging HIV population and newer, less metabolically toxic antiretroviral drugs. Lipotoxicity and adipokines have been focused as key issues for explaining MetS in HIV patients. Several studies have investigated the pathophysiology of MetS and cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Evidence shows that both HIV infection per se and HIV-related chronic immune activation despite antiretroviral therapy are critical factors linking MetS and cardiovascular complications. Current epidemiological and pathogenetic data on MetS in HIV infection, prevention strategies and therapeutic options for all MetS components are reviewed in the light of the recent Adult Treatment Panel IV recommendations and the new antiretroviral drugs.
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, HIV, lipodystrophy, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, antiretroviral therapy.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Metabolic Syndrome and HIV Infection
Volume: 20 Issue: 31
Author(s): Valentina Li Vecchi, Paolo Maggi, Manfredi Rizzo and Giuseppe Montalto
Affiliation:
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, HIV, lipodystrophy, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, antiretroviral therapy.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, has become an important public health problem. Considerable differences in the prevalence of the MetS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects have been reported, as a consequence of several limitations regarding the diagnostic critera for MetS. New evidence suggests that the use of optimal waist cut-off points specific for the various ethnic populations could represent a step forward in overcoming these limitations. Also the use of specific cut-off points for measuring upper trunk fat as an adjunctive criterion of MetS in HIV patients with lipodystrophy could represent an interesting new research topic. Although metabolic disorders have been associated indirectly with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), directly with HIV infection per se or with host conditions, current circumstances could change the framework of MetS in the HIV setting: For example, the aging HIV population and newer, less metabolically toxic antiretroviral drugs. Lipotoxicity and adipokines have been focused as key issues for explaining MetS in HIV patients. Several studies have investigated the pathophysiology of MetS and cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Evidence shows that both HIV infection per se and HIV-related chronic immune activation despite antiretroviral therapy are critical factors linking MetS and cardiovascular complications. Current epidemiological and pathogenetic data on MetS in HIV infection, prevention strategies and therapeutic options for all MetS components are reviewed in the light of the recent Adult Treatment Panel IV recommendations and the new antiretroviral drugs.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Vecchi Li Valentina, Maggi Paolo, Rizzo Manfredi and Montalto Giuseppe, The Metabolic Syndrome and HIV Infection, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (31) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131206104209
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131206104209 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Developing the Evidence Base for Cancer Chemoprevention: Use of Meta-Analysis
Current Drug Targets Multi-Target Profile of Oleocanthal, An Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Component
Current Bioactive Compounds Single-cell RNA Sequencing: In-depth Decoding of Heart Biology and Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Genomics Gene Therapy for Osteoinduction
Current Gene Therapy Body Mass Index in Midlife and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia
Current Alzheimer Research Statins for the Prevention of First or Recurrent Stroke
Current Vascular Pharmacology Beneficial Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Diseases: But, How and Why?
Current Nutrition & Food Science Keeping the Balance Between Proliferation and Differentiation:The Primary Cilium
Current Genomics The Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Continuum: Focus on Pharmacologic Management and RAS Blockade
Current Clinical Pharmacology Genetic Variations in Telomere Maintenance, with Implications on Tissue Renewal Capacity and Chronic Disease Pathologies
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Adiponectin: An Endothelium-Derived Vasoprotective Factor?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vitamin D Therapy in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Current Pharmaceutical Design New Therapies to Modulate Post-Infarction Inflammatory Alterations in the Myocardium: State of the Art and Forthcoming Applications
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines Response after Myocardial Infarction
Current Vascular Pharmacology Genetic Variants of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporter (ABCB1) as Possible Biomarkers for Adverse Drug Reactions in an HIV/AIDS Cohort in Zimbabwe
Current HIV Research The Emerging Role of microRNA in Stroke
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Present Insights on Cardiomyopathy in Diabetic Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Simultaneous Determination of Six Components in Jingzhiguanxin Tablet by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis The Proteomic Approach in the Development of Prognostic Biomarkers in Atherothrombosis
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery