Abstract
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with major clinical hallmarks of memory loss, dementia, and cognitive impairment. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders. Astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and appears to be involved in the induction of neuroinflammation. Under stress and injury, astrocytes become astrogliotic leading to an upregulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Cytokines and related molecules play roles in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration in the CNS. During early AD pathogenesis, amyloid beta (Aβ), S100B and IL-1β could bring about a vicious cycle of Aβ generation between astrocytes and neurons leading to chronic, sustained and progressive neuroinflammation. In advanced stages of AD, TRAIL secreted from astrocytes have been shown to bind to death receptor 5 (DR5) on neurons to trigger apoptosis in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, astrocytes could be reactivated by TGFβ1 to generate more Aβ and to undergo the aggravating astrogliosis. TGFβ2 was also observed to cooperate with Aβ to cause neuronal demise by destroying the stability of lysosomes in neurons. Inflammatory molecules can be either potential biomarkers for diagnosis or target molecules for therapeutic intervention. Understanding their roles and their relationship with activated astrocytes is particularly important for attenuating neuroinflammation in the early stage of AD. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight into the role of astrocytes in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, astrocyte, inflammation, cytokine, chemokine, amyloid beta, death receptor, TRAIL, Amyloid precursor protein, alpha secretase, IP-10, MCP-1, S100B, microglia
Current Alzheimer Research
Title: Astrocytes: Implications for Neuroinflammatory Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease
Volume: 8 Issue: 1
Author(s): Chuanyu Li, Rui Zhao, Kai Gao, Zheng Wei, Michael Yaoyao Yin, Lok Ting Lau, Dehua Chui and Albert Cheung Hoi Yu
Affiliation:
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, astrocyte, inflammation, cytokine, chemokine, amyloid beta, death receptor, TRAIL, Amyloid precursor protein, alpha secretase, IP-10, MCP-1, S100B, microglia
Abstract: Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with major clinical hallmarks of memory loss, dementia, and cognitive impairment. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders. Astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and appears to be involved in the induction of neuroinflammation. Under stress and injury, astrocytes become astrogliotic leading to an upregulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Cytokines and related molecules play roles in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration in the CNS. During early AD pathogenesis, amyloid beta (Aβ), S100B and IL-1β could bring about a vicious cycle of Aβ generation between astrocytes and neurons leading to chronic, sustained and progressive neuroinflammation. In advanced stages of AD, TRAIL secreted from astrocytes have been shown to bind to death receptor 5 (DR5) on neurons to trigger apoptosis in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, astrocytes could be reactivated by TGFβ1 to generate more Aβ and to undergo the aggravating astrogliosis. TGFβ2 was also observed to cooperate with Aβ to cause neuronal demise by destroying the stability of lysosomes in neurons. Inflammatory molecules can be either potential biomarkers for diagnosis or target molecules for therapeutic intervention. Understanding their roles and their relationship with activated astrocytes is particularly important for attenuating neuroinflammation in the early stage of AD. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight into the role of astrocytes in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Li Chuanyu, Zhao Rui, Gao Kai, Wei Zheng, Yaoyao Yin Michael, Ting Lau Lok, Chui Dehua and Cheung Hoi Yu Albert, Astrocytes: Implications for Neuroinflammatory Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2011; 8 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720511794604543
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720511794604543 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of dementia
Dementia affects 18 million people worldwide. Dementia is a syndrome of symptoms caused by brain disease, usually chronic or progressive, clinically characterized by multiple impairments of higher cortical functions such as memory, thinking, orientation, and learning. In addition, in the course of dementia, cognitive deficits are observed, which often hinder ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Abstinent MDMA Users: A Review
Current Drug Abuse Reviews The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Diabetes Mellitus
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Neurotrophic Factors - A Tool for Therapeutic Strategies in Neurological,Neuropsychiatric and Neuroimmunological Diseases?
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Roles of Phosphodiesterase 2 in the Central Nervous and Peripheral Systems
Current Pharmaceutical Design Progression of Alzheimer-type Neurofibrillary Tangles is Related to the Proximodistal Segments of the Hemispheric Arteries
Current Alzheimer Research Patent Annotations
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Antibodies As Promising Novel Neuroprotective Agents in the Central Nervous System Injuries
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation in Human Disease
Current Molecular Medicine The Hypothesis of the Catalytic Action of Nucleic Acid on the Conversion of Prion Protein
Protein & Peptide Letters The Key Role of Membranes in Amyloid Formation from a Biophysical Perspective
Current Protein & Peptide Science Current State of Development of Genome Analysis in Livestock
Current Genomics Models to Study Atherosclerosis: A Mechanistic Insight
Current Vascular Pharmacology Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer: From Emerging Molecular Pathways to Targeted Therapeutic Approaches
Clinical Cancer Drugs The Blood Brain Barrier and its Role in Alzheimer's Therapy: An Overview
Current Drug Targets Modifiable Midlife Risk Factors for Late-Life Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Current Psychiatry Reviews Patent Foramen Ovale in Cerebral Infarction
Current Cardiology Reviews Alzheimers Disease Drug Development in 2008 and Beyond: Problems and Opportunities
Current Alzheimer Research Comprehensive Review On Oral Disintegrating Films
Current Drug Delivery Prematurely Aged Children: Molecular Alterations Leading to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria and Werner Syndromes
Current Aging Science Pharmacogenetics in Geriatric Medicine: Challenges and Opportunities for Clinical Practice
Current Drug Metabolism