Review

Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

Animal Biosciences & Biotechnology Laboratory, ANRI, ARS, USDA, Bldg 230, Room 104, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA

David M Donovan

Animal Biosciences & Biotechnology Laboratory, ANRI, ARS, USDA, Bldg 230, Room 104, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA

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Martin J Loessner

* Author for correspondence

Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

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Email the corresponding author at martin.loessner@ethz.ch

Published Online:3 Oct 2012https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.97

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Abstract

Endolysins are enzymes used by bacteriophages at the end of their replication cycle to degrade the peptidoglycan of the bacterial host from within, resulting in cell lysis and release of progeny virions. Due to the absence of an outer membrane in the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, endolysins can access the peptidoglycan and destroy these organisms when applied externally, making them interesting antimicrobial candidates, particularly in light of increasing bacterial drug resistance. This article reviews the modular structure of these enzymes, in which cell wall binding and catalytic functions are separated, as well as their mechanism of action, lytic activity and potential as antimicrobials. It particularly focuses on molecular engineering as a means of optimizing endolysins for specific applications, highlights new developments that may render these proteins active against Gram-negative and intracellular pathogens and summarizes the most recent applications of endolysins in the fields of medicine, food safety, agriculture and biotechnology.

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank D Roach for help in preparingFigure 3, and F Eichenseher for help in preparingFigure 4.

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Mentioning of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

This work was supported in part by NIH grant 1RO1AI075077-01A1 (DM Donovan); NRI grant 2007-35204-18395 (DM Donovan); and US State Department funds supporting a US–Pakistani (DM Donovan) and US–Russian collaboration (DM Donovan). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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Bacteriophage endolysins as novel antimicrobials

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