Associations of Family Meals with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance in Hong Kong: Results of a Representative Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Frequency of Family Meals (i.e., Eating Breakfasts and/or Dinners Together as a Family) in the Past Week
2.2.3. Family Functioning
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Sociodemographic Correlates of Infrequent Family Breakfasts and Dinners
3.3. Associations of Family Breakfast Frequency with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance
3.4. Associations of Family Dinner Frequency with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Factors | All (N = 3359) | Infrequent Family Breakfast (N = 1055) a | Infrequent Family Dinner (N = 1030) b |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 1920 (57.16%) | 596 (56.49%) | 576 (55.92%) |
Female | 1439 (42.84%) | 459 (43.51%) | 454 (44.08%) |
Age group | |||
12–14 | 1386 (41.26%) | 329 (31.18%) | 323 (31.36%) |
15–17 | 1973 (58.74%) | 726 (68.82%) | 707 (68.64%) |
Maternal educational level | |||
Primary education or below | 465 (13.84%) | 182 (17.25%) | 148 (14.4%) |
Secondary education | 1676 (49.90%) | 514 (48.72%) | 516 (50.1%) |
Tertiary education or above | 457 (13.61%) | 117 (11.09%) | 140 (13.6%) |
Missing | 761 (22.65%) | 242 (22.94%) | 226 (21.94%) |
Paternal educational level | |||
Primary education or below | 387 (11.52%) | 157 (14.88%) | 128 (12.43%) |
Secondary education | 1585 (47.19%) | 494 (46.82%) | 462 (44.85%) |
Tertiary education or above | 564 (16.79%) | 142 (13.46%) | 171 (16.6%) |
Missing | 823 (24.50%) | 262 (24.83%) | 269 (26.12%) |
Parental marital status | |||
Married | 2579 (76.78%) | 723 (68.53%) | 684 (66.41%) |
Unmarried | 774 (23.04%) | 331 (31.37%) | 344 (33.40%) |
Missing | 6 (0.18%) | 1 (0.09%) | 2 (0.19%) |
Place of birth | |||
Hong Kong | 2404 (71.57%) | 746 (70.71%) | 728 (69.33%) |
Outside Hong Kong | 913 (27.18%) | 298 (28.25%) | 291 (27.71%) |
Missing | 42 (1.25%) | 11 (1.04%) | 11 (1.07%) |
Frequency of having breakfasts with family members (per week) | |||
Never | 1055 (31.41%) | 1055 (100.00%) | 515 (50.00%) |
1 time | 362 (10.78%) | - | 166 (16.12%) |
2 times | 562 (16.73%) | - | 155 (15.05%) |
3 times | 124 (3.69%) | - | 46 (4.47%) |
4 times | 54 (1.61%) | - | 16 (1.55%) |
5 times | 240 (7.14%) | - | 67 (6.50%) |
6 times | 107 (3.19%) | - | 13 (1.26%) |
Everyday | 800 (23.82%) | - | 49 (4.76%) |
Missing | 55 (1.63%) | - | 3 (0.29%) |
Frequency of having dinners with family members (per week) | |||
Never | 108 (3.22%) | 96 (9.10%) | 108 (10.49%) |
1 time | 120 (3.57%) | 69 (6.54%) | 120 (11.65%) |
2 times | 146 (4.35%) | 73 (6.92%) | 146 (14.17%) |
3 times | 145 (4.32%) | 79 (7.49%) | 145 (14.08%) |
4 times | 166 (4.94%) | 69 (6.54%) | 166 (16.12%) |
5 times | 345 (10.27%) | 129 (12.23%) | 345 (33.50%) |
6 times | 395 (11.76%) | 137 (12.99%) | - |
Everyday | 1867 (55.58%) | 400 (37.91%) | - |
Missing | 67 (1.99%) | 3 (0.28%) | - |
Sociodemographic Factors | Infrequent Family Breakfasts a | Infrequent Family Dinners b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR # | 95% CI | p | aOR # | 95% CI | p | |
Age group | ||||||
12–14 | 0.58 | (0.46, 0.74) | <0.001 | 0.62 | (0.49, 0.79) | <0.001 |
15–17 | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Paternal educational level | ||||||
Primary school or below | 1.76 | (1.24, 2.49) | <0.01 | 1.06 | (0.74, 1.52) | 0.74 |
Secondary school | 1.29 | (0.97, 1.70) | 0.08 | 1.00 | (0.76, 1.32) | 0.98 |
Tertiary level or above | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Maternal educational level | ||||||
Primary education or below | 1.12 | (0.78, 1.60) | 0.56 | 0.87 | (0.60, 1.26) | 0.46 |
Secondary education | 0.96 | (0.72, 1.29) | 0.80 | 0.95 | (0.71, 1.28) | 0.76 |
Tertiary education or above | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.03 | (0.86, 1.25) | 0.73 | 0.91 | (0.75, 1.10) | 0.32 |
Female | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Place of birth | ||||||
Hong Kong | 1.05 | (0.84, 1.32) | 0.64 | 1.31 | (1.04, 1.65) | 0.02 |
Non-Hong Kong | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Parents’ marital status | ||||||
Married | 0.56 | (0.44, 0.70) | <0.001 | 0.42 | (0.33, 0.53) | <0.001 |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Chinese | 0.98 | (0.53, 1.81) | 0.95 | 0.69 | (0.38, 1.24) | 0.21 |
Non-Chinese | 1.00 | (reference) | - | 1.00 | (reference) | - |
Compliance with Parental Guidance | Perceived Family Relationship | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B # | 95% CI | p | B # | 95% CI | p | |
Family breakfast frequency | ||||||
OVERALL | 0.07 | (0.04, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.10 | (0.06, 0.15) | <0.001 |
Subgroup analysis | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
12–14 | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.13 | (0.06, 0.21) | <0.001 |
15–17 | 0.06 | (0.03, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.08 | (0.02, 0.15) | 0.01 |
Paternal education level | ||||||
Primary education or below | 0.07 | (−0.01, 0.14) | 0.08 | 0.15 | (0.02, 0.28) | 0.02 |
Secondary education or above | 0.07 | (0.04, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.09 | (0.04, 0.15) | <0.001 |
Parental marital status | ||||||
Married | 0.07 | (0.04, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.10 | (0.05, 0.15) | <0.001 |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 0.09 | (0.01, 0.17) | 0.03 | 0.15 | (0.10, 0.30) | 0.04 |
Place of birth | ||||||
Hong Kong | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.10 | (0.04, 0.16) | <0.001 |
Outside Hong Kong | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.14) | 0.003 | 0.12 | (0.02, 0.21) | 0.01 |
Compliance with Parental Guidance | Perceived Family Relationship | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B # | 95% CI | p | B # | 95% CI | p | |
Family dinner frequency | ||||||
OVERALL | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.11) | <0.001 | 0.25 | (0.18, 0.33) | <0.001 |
Subgroup analysis | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
12–14 | 0.10 | (0.03, 0.17) | 0.01 | 0.26 | (0.14, 0.38) | <0.001 |
15–17 | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.11) | 0.02 | 0.26 | (0.17, 0.35) | <0.001 |
Paternal education level | ||||||
Primary education or below | 0.10 | (0.003, 0.21) | 0.04 | 0.24 | (0.07, 0.42) | 0.01 |
Secondary education or above | 0.06 | (0.02, 0.11) | 0.004 | 0.26 | (0.18, 0.34) | <0.001 |
Parental marital status | ||||||
Married | 0.06 | (0.02, 0.11) | 0.01 | 0.25 | (0.17, 0.33) | <0.001 |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 0.08 | (−0.01, 0.17) | 0.08 | 0.27 | (0.11, 0.43) | <0.001 |
Place of birth | ||||||
Hong Kong | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | 0.001 | 0.26 | (0.17, 0.34) | <0.001 |
Outside Hong Kong | 0.04 | (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.33 | 0.25 | (0.11, 0.38) | <0.001 |
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Wong, R.S.; Tung, K.T.S.; Wong, W.H.S.; Ho, F.K.W.; Tso, W.W.Y.; Yip, P.S.F.; Wong, C.K.H.; Fan, S.Y.S.; Ip, P. Associations of Family Meals with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance in Hong Kong: Results of a Representative Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105402
Wong RS, Tung KTS, Wong WHS, Ho FKW, Tso WWY, Yip PSF, Wong CKH, Fan SYS, Ip P. Associations of Family Meals with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance in Hong Kong: Results of a Representative Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105402
Chicago/Turabian StyleWong, Rosa S., Keith T. S. Tung, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Frederick K. W. Ho, Winnie W. Y. Tso, Paul S. F. Yip, Carlos K. H. Wong, Susan Y. S. Fan, and Patrick Ip. 2021. "Associations of Family Meals with Adolescent Perception of Family Relationship and Compliance with Parental Guidance in Hong Kong: Results of a Representative Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105402