Clinical Relevancy of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Epithelial or Mesenchymal Characteristics, Single Cells or Clusters?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer
2.1. Genetic and Epigenetic Characteristics of CTCs
2.2. EMT and Stem-Cell Characteristics in CTCs
2.3. Interactions of CTCs with Other Cells
3. CTC Clusters in Breast Cancer Dissemination
3.1. CTC Cluster Features
3.2. CTC Cluster Interactions with Other Cells
4. Clinical Utility of CTCs
4.1. Methods of CTC and CTC Cluster Evaluations
4.2. Clinical Utility of CTC and CTC Cluster Analyses in Breast Cancer
4.2.1. Studies on Early Breast Cancer
4.2.2. Studies on Metastatic Breast Cancer
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Selection | Form of Disseminated Cancer Cells | References |
---|---|---|---|
Technologies based on biological properties | |||
CellSearch® | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs, CTC clusters | [126,149] |
MagSweeperTM | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs | [16] |
AdnaTest® | EpCAM-positive selection + RT-PCR | CTCs | [127,128] |
MACS | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs | [129] |
CTC chip | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs | [130] |
GO chip | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs | [131] |
HB chip | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs, CTC clusters | [132,134] |
GEDI chip | HER2- positive selection | CTCs | [133] |
CellCollector® | EpCAM-positive selection | CTCs, CTC clusters | [135] |
EasySepTM | Negative selection (CD2, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD45, CD61, CD66b, and Glycophorin A depletion) | CTCs | [136,137] |
DynaBeads® | Negative selection (CD45 depletion) | CTCs | [137] |
RossetteSepTM | Negative selection (CD45 depletion) and density gradient centrifugation | CTCs | [138,139] |
CTC-iChip | Positive or negative selection, antigen-independent | CTCs | [140] |
EPISPOT | Negative selection with protein secretion | CTCs | [141] |
Technologies based on physical properties | |||
ApoStream® | Dielectrophoresis | CTCs | [142] |
DEPArrayTM | Dielectrophoresis | CTCs, CTC clusters | [143] |
Accucyte®-CyteFinder® | Cell density (Accucyte) with subsequent immunofluorescence staining (CyteFinder) | CTCs | [144,145] |
OncoQuick® | Cell density | CTCs | [146] |
ISET® | Size | CTCs | [147] |
ScreenCell® | Size | CTCs, CTC cluster | [137,149] |
Parsortix® | Size and deformability | CTCs, CTC clusters | [148,165] |
CellSieveTM | Size | CTCs, CTC clusters | [149] |
ClearCell® FX | Size, inertial focusing | CTCs | [150] |
FMSA | Size and deformability | CTCs, CTC microclusters | [151] |
Vortex chip | Size, inertial focusing | CTCs, CTC clusters | [159] |
p-MOFF device | Size, inertial focusing | CTCs | [153] |
Cascaded spiral microfluidic device | Size, inertial focusing | CTCs | [154] |
Cluster-chip | Size, cell–cell junctions | CTC clusters | [95] |
DLD chip | Size and asymmetry | CTC clusters | [155] |
Micro-ellipse filters | Size and deformability | CTCs | [156] |
Microscope-slide-sized PDMS | Size | CTC clusters | [157] |
Hexagonal microfluidic chip | Size | CTCs, CTC clusters | [158] |
Nanotube CTC chip | Preferential adherence | CTCs | [161] |
Direct imaging technologies | |||
CytoTrackTM | Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with previous cell density enrichment | CTCs | [162] |
FAST | Laser-scanning | CTCs | [163] |
PDIS | Photodiagnostic and spectroscopy | CTCs, CTC clusters | [164] |
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Fridrichova, I.; Kalinkova, L.; Ciernikova, S. Clinical Relevancy of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Epithelial or Mesenchymal Characteristics, Single Cells or Clusters? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012141
Fridrichova I, Kalinkova L, Ciernikova S. Clinical Relevancy of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Epithelial or Mesenchymal Characteristics, Single Cells or Clusters? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012141
Chicago/Turabian StyleFridrichova, Ivana, Lenka Kalinkova, and Sona Ciernikova. 2022. "Clinical Relevancy of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Epithelial or Mesenchymal Characteristics, Single Cells or Clusters?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012141