Abstract
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Gaze and movement behaviors of association football goalkeepers were compared under two video simulation conditions (i.e., verbal and joystick movement responses) and three in situ conditions (i.e., verbal, simplified body movement, and interceptive response). The results showed that the goalkeepers spent more time fixating on information from the penalty kick taker’s movements than ball location for all perceptual judgment conditions involving limited movement (i.e., verbal responses, joystick movement, and simplified body movement). In contrast, an equivalent amount of time was spent fixating on the penalty taker’s relative motions and the ball location for the in situ interception condition, which required the goalkeepers to attempt to make penalty saves. The data suggest that gaze and movement behaviors function differently, depending on the experimental task constraints selected for empirical investigations. These findings highlight the need for research on perceptual— motor behaviors to be conducted in representative experimental conditions to allow appropriate generalization of conclusions to performance environments.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abernethy, B. (1990). Expertise, visual search, and information pickup in squash. Perception, 19, 63–77.
Araújo, D., Davids, K., & Passos, P. (2007). Ecological validity, representative design, and correspondence between experimental task constraints and behavioral setting: Comment on Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005). Ecological Psychology, 19, 69–78.
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixedeffects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory & Language, 59, 390–412. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
Bagiella, E., Sloan, R. P., & Heitjan, D. F. (2000). Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology. Psychophysiology, 37, 13–20.
Bradford, D., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2008). Detecting deception in police investigations: Implications for false confessions. Psychiatry, Psychology & Law, 15, 105–118. doi:10.1080/13218710701873932
Brunswik, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62, 193–217.
Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Burton, P., Gurrin, L., & Sly, P. (1998). Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: An introduction to generalized estimating equations and multi-level mixed modeling. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 1261–1291.
Cañal-Bruland, R., & Schmidt, M. (2009). Response bias in judging deceptive movements. Acta Psychologica, 130, 235–240. doi:10.1016/ j.actpsy.2008.12.009
Craig, C. M., Goulon, C., Berton, E., Rao, G., Fernandez, L., & Bootsma, R. J. (2009). Optic variables used to judge future ball arrival position in expert and novice soccer players. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 71, 515–522. doi:10.3758/APP.71.3.515
Davids, K., Button, C., Araújo, D., Renshaw, I., & Hristovski, R. (2006). Movement models from sports provide representative task constraints for studying adaptive behavior in human movement systems. Adaptive Behavior, 14, 73–95.
Dewar, M. T., & Carey, D. P. (2006). Visuomotor immunity to perceptual illusion: A mismatch of attentional demands cannot explain the perception-action dissociation. Neuropsychologia, 44, 1501–1508. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.010
Dhami, M. K., Hertwig, R., & Hoffrage, U. (2004). The role of repre sentative design in an ecological approach to cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 959–988. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.959
Dijkerman, H. C., McIntosh, R. D., Schindler, I., Nijboer, T. C. W., & Milner, A. D. (2009). Choosing between alternative wrist postures: Action planning needs perception. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1476–1482. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.002
Dixon, P. (2008). Models of accuracy in repeated-measures designs. Journal of Memory & Language, 59, 447–456. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.11.004
Dunwoody, P. T. (2006). The neglect of the environment by cognitive psychology. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 26, 139–153.
Farrow, D., & Abernethy, B. (2003). Do expertise and the degree of perception—action coupling affect natural anticipatory performance? Perception, 32, 1127–1139. doi:10.1068/p3323
Fasolo, B., Hertwig, R., Huber, M., & Ludwig, M. (2009). Size, entropy, and density: What is the difference between small and large real-world assortments? Psychology & Marketing, 26, 254–279. doi:10.1002/mar.20272
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hammond, K. R., & Stewart, T. R. (2001). The essential Brunswik: Beginnings, explications, applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hogarth, R. M., & Kareláia, N. (2007). Heuristic and linear models of judgment: Matching rules and environments. Psychological Review, 114, 733–758. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.733
Huys, R., Smeeton, N. J., Hodges, N. J., Beek, P. J., & Williams, A. M. (2008). On the dynamic information underlying visual anticipation skill. Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 1217–1234. doi:10.3758/ PP.70.7.1217
Jackson, R. C., Warren, S., & Abernethy, B. (2006). Anticipation skill and susceptibility to deceptive movement. Acta Psychologica, 123, 355–371. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.02.002
Kareláia, N., & Hogarth, R. M. (2008). Determinants of linear judgment: A meta-analysis of lens model studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 404–426. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.404
Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of instep soccer kick. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 6, 154–165.
Klatzky, R. L. (1998). Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations: Definitions, distinctions, and interconnections. In C. Freksa, C. Habel, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition: An interdisciplinary approach to representation and processing of spatial knowledge (pp. 1–17). Berlin: Springer.
Kliegl, R., Risse, S., & Laubrock, J. (2007). Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n+2. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 33, 1250–1255. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1250
Liu, Y.-T., Mayer-Kress, G., & Newell, K. M. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative change in the dynamics of motor learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 32, 380–393. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.380
Mann, D. T. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 457–478.
McPherson, S. L., & Vickers, J. N. (2004). Cognitive control in motor expertise. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2, 274–300.
Michaels, C. F. (2000). Information, perception, and action: What should ecological psychologists learn from Milner and Goodale (1995)? Ecological Psychology, 12, 241–258.
Michaels, C. F., & Carello, C. (1981). Direct perception. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (2008). Two visual systems re-viewed. Neuropsychologia, 46, 774–785. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.005
Morya, E., Bigatão, H., Lees, A., & Ranvaud, R. (2005). Evolving penalty kick strategies: World Cup and club matches 2000–2002. In T. Reilly, J. Cabri, & D. Araújo (Eds.), Science and football (Vol. 5, pp. 237–242). London: Taylor & Francis.
Müller, S., Abernethy, B., & Farrow, D. (2006). How do worldclass cricket batsmen anticipate a bowler’s intention? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 2162–2186. doi:10.1080/ 02643290600576595
Müller, S., Abernethy, B., Reece, J., Rose, M., Eid, M., Mc-Bean, R., et al. (2009). An in-situ examination of the timing of information pick-up for interception by cricket batsmen of different skill levels. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10, 644–652. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.002
Newell, K. M., Liu, Y. T., & Mayer-Kress, G. (2001). Time scales in motor learning and development. Psychological Review, 108, 57–82. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.108.1.57
Oudejans, R. R. D., Michaels, C. F., Bakker, F. C., & Dolné, M. A. (1996). The relevance of action in perceiving affordances: Perception of catchableness of fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 22, 879–891.
Panchuk, D., & Vickers, J. N. (2006). Gaze behaviors of goaltenders under spatial-temporal constraints. Human Movement Science, 25, 733–752. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2006.07.001
Rowe, R., Horswill, M. S., Kronvall-Parkinson, M., Poulter, D. R., & McKenna, F. P. (2009). The effect of disguise on novice and expert tennis players’ anticipation ability. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 178–185. doi:10.1080/10413200902785811
Savelsbergh, G. J. P., van der Kamp, J., Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2005). Anticipation and visual search behavior in expert soccer goalkeepers. Ergonomics, 48, 1686–1697. doi:10.1080/ 00140130500101346
Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Williams, A. M., van der Kamp, J., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 279–287.
Schorer, J., Baker, J., Fath, F., & Jaitner, T. (2007). Identification of interindividual and intraindividual movement patterns in handball players of varying expertise levels. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39, 409–421.
Sebanz, N., & Shiffrar, M. (2009). Detecting deception in a bluffing body: The role of expertise. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 170–175. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.1.170
Shim, J., Carlton, L. G., Chow, J. W., & Chae, W. K. (2005). The use of anticipatory visual cues by highly skilled tennis players. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 164–175.
Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Chen, D., Steinberg, G. M., & Frehlich, S. G. (1996). Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between highly skilled and beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 9–26.
Smeeton, N. J., Williams, A. M., Hodges, N. J., & Ward, P. (2005). The relative effectiveness of various instructional approaches in developing anticipation skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11, 98–110. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.11.2.98
Van der Kamp, J. (2006). A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: Late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 467–477. doi:10.1080/02640410500190841
Van der Kamp, J., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2003). The development and learning of the visual control of movement: An ecological perspective. Infant Behavior & Development, 26, 495–515. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.09.002
Van der Kamp, J., Rivas, F., van Doorn, H., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2008). Ventral and dorsal contributions in visual anticipation in fast ball sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 39, 100–130.
Van der Kamp, J., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Smeets, J. (1997). Multiple information sources in interceptive timing. Human Movement Science, 16, 787–821.
Van der Kamp, J., van Doorn, H., & Masters, R. S. W. (2009). A Judd illusion in far-aiming: Evidence of a contribution to action by vision for perception. Experimental Brain Research, 197, 199–204. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1889-z
Van Dongen, H. P., Caldwell, J. A., Jr., & Caldwell, J. L. (2006). Investigating systematic individual differences in sleep-deprived performance on a high-fidelity flight simulator. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 333–343.
Van Doorn, H., van der Kamp, J., de Wit, M., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2009). Another look at the Müller-Lyer illusion: Different gaze patterns in vision for action and perception. Neuropsychologia, 47, 804–812. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.003
Van Doorn, H., van der Kamp, J., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2007). Grasping the Müller-Lyer illusion: The contributions of vision for perception and vision for action. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1939–1947. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.008
Vicente, K. J. (2003). Beyond the lens model and direct perception: Toward a broader ecological psychology. Ecological Psychology, 15, 241–267.
Vickers, J. N. (1996). Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 22, 342–354.
Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics.
Warren, W. H., Jr. (1984). Perceiving affordances: Visual guidance of stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 10, 683–703.
Warren, W. H., [Jr.] (2006). The dynamics of perception and action. Psychological Review, 113, 358–389. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358
Wigton, R. S. (2008). What do the theories of Egon Brunswik have to say to medical education? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 13, 109–121. doi:10.1007/s10459-006-9023-5
Williams, A. M., & Burwitz, L. (1993). Advance cue utilization in soccer. In T. Reilly, J. Clarys, & A. Stibbe (Eds.), Science and football (Vol. 2, pp. 239–244). London: Spon.
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. London: Spon.
Williams, A. M., & Griffiths, I. W. (2002). A kinematic analysis of the prevalence of pre-impact cues in the football penalty kick. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 74.
Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Knowles, J. M., & Smeeton, N. J. (2002). Anticipation skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 259–270. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.8.4.259
Withagen, R., & Chemero, A. (2009). Naturalizing perception: Developing the Gibsonian approach to perception along evolutionary lines. Theory & Psychology, 19, 363–389. doi:10.1177/0959354309104159
Withagen, R., & van Mermeskerken, M. (2009). Individual differences in learning to perceive length by dynamic touch: Evidence for variation in perceptual learning capacities. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 64–75. doi:10.3758/APP.71.1.64
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article was written while the first author was supported by the University of Otago Postgraduate Scholarship Award.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dicks, M., Button, C. & Davids, K. Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 72, 706–720 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.706
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.706