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A GENS-based approach to cardiovascular pharmacology: impact on metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

    Flavia Franconi

    † Author for correspondence

    Center for Biotechnology Development & Biodiversity Research, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari-INBB Osilo-Sassari, Via Muroni, 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

    ,
    Ciriaco Carru

    Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy

    ,
    Ilaria Spoletini

    Centre for Clinical & Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Italy

    ,
    Walter Malorni

    Department of Drug Research & Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Italy

    ,
    Stefano Vella

    Department of Drug Research & Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Italy

    ,
    Giuseppe Mercuro

    Department of Cardiovascular & Neurological Sciences, University Cagliari, Italy

    ,
    Martino Deidda

    Department of Cardiovascular & Neurological Sciences, University Cagliari, Italy

    &
    Giuseppe Rosano

    Centre for Clinical & Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Italy

    Published Online:https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.11.117

    Pharmacological outcomes depend on many factors, with many of them being sexually dimorphic. Thus, physiological gender/sex (GENS) differences can influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and, thus, bioavailability and resulting in efficacy of treatment, meaning GENS differences should be an important consideration in therapeutics. In particular, drug response can change according to different hormonal environments. Therefore, GENS-specific differences have a particular clinical relevance in terms of drug delivery, especially for those substances with a narrow therapeutic margin. Since adverse effects are more frequent among women, safety is a key issue. Overall, the status of women, from a pharmacological point of view, is often different and less studied than that of men and deserves particular attention. Further studies focused on women’s responses to drugs are necessary in order to make optimal pharmacotherapeutic decisions.

    Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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