Open Access, Peer-reviewed
pISSN 1015-4817
eISSN 2289-0963
    J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2013 May;52(3):115-121. Korean.
    Published online May 31, 2013.
    https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2013.52.3.115
    Copyright © 2013 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
    Original Article

    The Standardization of the Korean Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2

    Jae-Hyun Shin, MD,1 Hee-Cheol Kim, MD, PhD,1 Chul-Ho Jung, MD, PhD,1 Jung-Bum Kim, MD, PhD,1 Sung-Won Jung, MD, PhD,1 Hyun-Ju Cho, PhD,2 and Sung-hoon Jung, MA3
      • 1Department of Psychiatry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
      • 2Department of Psychology, Youngnam University, Daegu, Korea.
      • 3Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
    • Address for correspondence: Hee-Cheol Kim, MD, PhD. Department of Psychiatry, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, 56 Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-712, Korea. Tel +82-53-250-7813, Fax +82-53-250-7810, Email: mdhck@dsmc.or.kr
    Received January 28, 2013; Revised March 17, 2013; Accepted March 25, 2013.

    Abstract

    Objectives

    An early diagnosis to improve the outcome of depression demands a briefer and more reliable measure than any other diagnosis. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is reliable measure made in 1999. In this study, we tried to verify the reliabilty and validity of two types of PHQ-2, and to compare these two types.

    Methods

    From July of 2011 to September of 2012, a total of 74 outpatients and inpatients in the Department of Psychiatry, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center performed the depression scales. As a normal control group, 58 individuals working in the hospital performed the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9.

    Results

    The internal consistency and test-retest reliabilty were favorable. Two types of the PHQ-2 were statistically significant in correlation between item and total scores. In comparison of mean scores of the PHQ-2 between two groups, the differences between groups were statistically significant. Correaltion of the total scores of other depression scales with those of the PHQ-2 was statistically significant both in scales. Examined according to the severity of depression by other scales, the total mean scores of the PHQ-2 tended to increase according to the severity of depression. The optimal cut-off score was 3 in Scaled PHQ-2 (Sensitivity : 91.9%, Specificity : 100%).

    Conclusion

    The assessed reliabilty and validity of the PHQ-2 made it an attractive measure for depression screening over other scales. Scaled PHQ-2 was more reliable and valid than Yes or No PHQ-2. Therefore, the PHQ-2 is a briefer and more useful measure for screening depression.

    Keywords
    PHQ-2; Patient Health Questionnaire; Validity; Reliability

    Tables

    Table 1
    Demographic chracteristics of the study population

    Table 2
    Internal consistency of the PHQ-2

    Table 3
    Correlation of each item score with the total score of the PHQ-2

    Table 4
    Comparision of the PHQ-2 scores between the depressed group and the control group

    Table 5
    Correlation of the total scores of each scale with the total score of the PHQ-2

    Table 6
    The total mean score of the PHQ-2 according to the severity of the depression

    Table 7
    Sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-2

    Notes

    The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

    References

      1. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003;289:3095–3105.
      1. Andrade L, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Berglund P, Bijl RV, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2003;12:3–21.
      1. Ahn J. Depression, suicide, and Korean society. J Korean Med Assoc 2012;55:320–321.
      1. Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, Leong SA, Lowe SW, Berglund PA, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1465–1475.
      1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentHealth at a glance [serial online] 2011. OECD Indicators Paris 2011. [cited 2012 Mar 5].
        Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2011-en.
      1. Simon GE, VonKorff M. Recognition, management, and outcomes of depression in primary care. Arch Fam Med 1995;4:99–105.
      1. Gerber PD, Barrett J, Barrett J, Manheimer E, Whiting R, Smith R. Recognition of depression by internists in primary care: a comparison of internist and "gold standard" psychiatric assessments. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:7–13.
      1. Susman JL, Crabtree BF, Essink G. Depression in rural family practice. Easy to recognize, difficult to diagnose. Arch Fam Med 1995;4:427–431.
      1. Martin A, Rief W, Klaiberg A, Braehler E. Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006;28:71–77.
      1. Song SW. The Evaluation of Depression in Primary Care. J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20:1392–1399.
      1. Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, Burchell CM, Orleans CT, Mulrow CD, et al. Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:765–776.
      1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care 2003;41:1284–1292.
      1. Saylor CF, Finch AJ Jr, Spirito A, Bennett B. The children's depression inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984;52:955–967.
      1. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401.
      1. Beck AT, Guth D, Steer RA, Ball R. Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Behav Res Ther 1997;35:785–791.
      1. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982-1983;17:37–49.
      1. Sharp LK, Lipsky MS. Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. Am Fam Physician 2002;66:1001–1008.
      1. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999;282:1737–1744.
      1. Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS. Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:439–445.
      1. Löwe B, Kroenke K, Gräfe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J Psychosom Res 2005;58:163–171.
      1. Williams JW Jr, Mulrow CD, Kroenke K, Dhanda R, Badgett RG, Omori D, et al. Case-finding for depression in primary care: a randomized trial. Am J Med 1999;106:36–43.
      1. Chagas MH, Crippa JA, Loureiro SR, Hallak JE, Meneses-Gaya Cd, Machado-de-Sousa JP, et al. Validity of the PHQ-2 for the screening of major depression in Parkinson's disease: two questions and one important answer. Aging Ment Health 2011;15:838–843.
      1. Monahan PO, Shacham E, Reece M, Kroenke K, Ong'or WO, Omollo O, et al. Validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya. J Gen Intern Med 2009;24:189–197.
      1. Myung SK, Jeong B, Lee WJ, Koh HJ, Suh SY, Yoo T, et al. Standardization of the two-question case-finding instrument as a screening instrument for the adolescent's depression. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21:100–106.
      1. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59 Suppl 20:22–33.
        quiz 34-57.
      1. Yoo SW, Kim YS, Noh JS, Oh KS, Kim CY, Namgung K, et al. Validity of Korean Version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Anxiety Mood 2006;2:50–55.
      1. Chung YC, Rhee MK, Lee YH, Park SH, Sohn CH, Hong SK, et al. A standardization study of Beck Depression Inventory 1-Korean version (K-BDI): reliability and factor analysis. Korean J Psychopathol 1995;4:77–95.
      1. Rhee MK, Lee YH, Jung HY, Choi JH, Kim SH, Kim YK, et al. A standardization study of Beck Depression Inventory 2-Korean version (K-BDI): validity. Korean J Psychopathol 1995;4:96–104.
      1. Lee YH, Song JY. A study of the reliability and the validity of the BDI, SDS, and MMPI-D scales. Korean J Clin Psychol 1991;10:98–113.
      1. Kim CY. In: The Evaluation Tool for the Depressive Disorder. 1st ed. Seoul: Hana Medical Publisher; 2001. pp. 72-98.
    Cited by
    Crossref 13
    Google Scholar 
    MeSH Terms
    Depression
    Early Diagnosis
    Humans
    Inpatients
    Mass Screening
    Outpatients
    Sensitivity and Specificity
    Surveys and Questionnaires
    Weights and Measures
    Metrics
    Share
    Tables
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide

    1 / 7

    PERMALINK