Abstract
Introduction. Admission to the ICU is a significant event for patients and their families and is often accompanied by stress, anxiety and depression. Literature shows that implementation of “unrestricted visiting policy” (UP) can potentially alleviate psychologically distressing elements of ICU admission. Methods. A web-based questionnaire was sent to all ICU’s concerning three main topics: general ICU information, detailed visiting policy information, and rationale for the chosen policy. Results. 87.1% of ICU’s retain “restricted visiting policies” (RVP; ≤five visiting hours per day). Knowledge about the current literature was overall 60.8%. There is an UP in two academic hospitals and a “partly restricted policy” (PRP; >5 visiting hours per day but <24) in two academic, two large teaching and five general hospitals. Mean permissible duration in ICU’s with a RVP was min versus min in the PRP. Conclusion. Nine out of ten ICU’s still have a restricted visiting policy. The main reasons cited for a restricted visiting policy were potential interference with the daily clinical routine and privacy. A better knowledge of the current literature in combination with infrastructural changes might improve patients’ outcome by reducing stress for the patient and its family.
1. Introduction
Patients and relatives often view Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission as a significant step in medical treatment that is determined by the severity of a patient’s condition. Under these circumstances the normal emotional response to hospital admission is exacerbated, therefore displacing both the patient and relatives to heightened levels of anxiety and stress. Although, the emotional significance and burden of an ICU admission is almost impossible to quantify, it has been proposed that an unrestricted visiting policy (UP) can benefit both the patients and families (UP; defined as a no restriction policy in time, duration of visitation and/or the number and kind of visitors). Theoretically, UP benefits patients and visitors by reducing stress and anxiety and therefore improves patient outcomes and visitors experience [1–7]. Although psychological quantitative data are difficult to correlate, Fumagalli et al. demonstrated a quantitative correlation between UP and improved outcome [3]. Their results highlighted a clear relationship between improved stress hormone levels and reduced cardiovascular complications. Furthermore, patients scored lower on depression scores, were less anxious, and felt more supported by relatives.
Nonetheless, skepticism surrounding UP still exists in Western Europe and it is therefore a reluctantly implemented policy [4–8]. Objections focus on disturbing the daily clinical routine, interfering with daily clinical practice, interrupting essential treatment and care, decreasing patient rest opportunities, and increasing infection rates in the patient population [2, 4–7]. The net effect of these anecdotal theories is a worse outcome for patient recovery and a higher complication rate. However, there is no sound clinical literature that supports these theories. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that despite an increased bacterial load in patients within UP ICUs, there was no increased infection or septic complication rate [4, 9].
Using a web based questionnaire, our aim was not to investigate the conflicting evidence between the benefits and disadvantages of UP but instead to assess what policies are currently implemented in Dutch ICUs. Moreover, we wanted to understand the reasoning that the ICU had chosen their policy in terms of whether their decision was based on clinical or anecdotal evidence. Finally, we wanted to assess how the individual ICU had interpreted the available data and more fundamentally if they were aware of the current debate and data surrounding visiting policies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
Following consultation with the Dutch institutional ethics committee, no ethical approval for our study was required. Over a two-week period (in May 2010), medical directors of all Dutch adult ICUs, including general and surgical ICUs, were contacted by telephone and informed of the study. In the event that a hospital had multiple ICUs, the ICUs were individually contacted. Overall directors of 102 ICUs were asked to participate. Oral permission and consent to participation were requested and followed two days later by a confirmation email that contained information about the study and a link to the online questionnaire. Each ICU had three weeks to submit their completed online questionnaire before a reminder email was sent. The database was closed ten weeks following the initiation of the study.
2.2. Instrument
A web-based online questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and a panel of experienced intensivists. Two further independent physicians reviewed the questionnaire for its content and clarity. The questionnaire consisted of 30 multiple-choice questions with two to ten answer options surrounding the following key themes: “general ICU information,” “detailed visiting policy information” (including duration, number of visitors, and facilities), and “reasoning behind the chosen visiting policy including knowledge of current research.” The questionnaire required approximately 15 minutes to complete.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
We categorized visiting hour policies as “unrestricted” (UP) (visitors accepted at all times without restriction), “partly restricted policy” (PRP) (more than five hours per day but less than 24 hours per day) or a “restricted policy” (RVP) (five hours or less per day). In addition, details were collected on how many visitors were permitted per shift, visitor facilities, personnel provided to accompany visitors, and possibilities for adaptation in the current policy. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in nominal variables and independent samples -tests in continuous variables (Fisher exact tests and Mann-Whitney tests when appropriate). Statistical analysis was performed using PASW 17.0 (Chicago, Illinois, US), and a was used to denote statistical significance.
3. Results
The overall response rate of the ICU directors was 83.3%. The characteristics of the participating ICUs are shown in Table 1. In 2.4% of the ICUs there was UP , in 10.6% a PRP and in 87.1% an RVP . There was a significant difference in policy by type of hospital with UP only in two of the academic hospitals and not in the general or large teaching hospitals. Furthermore there is a PRP in 11.1%   of the academic hospitals, 9.5%   of the large teaching hospitals, and 7.2%   of the general hospitals. All the other ICUs had an RVP.
The mean permissible duration of visiting hours in the PRP was significantly longer than in the RVP . The mean permissible duration in the PRP was  min (range [300–600 minutes]), one missing value (11.1%), whereas this was  min (range [60–420 minutes]), three missing values, (4.1%) in the ICUs with RVP. Most RVP ICUs (, 62.2%) had visiting hours twice a day (Table 2). The estimated visiting time in the UP was  min per day and  min per day (range [60–240]) in the PRP group. The majority of ICUs adapted their visiting hours in cases of “end-of-life” situations (94.1%), or when patients were unstable (85.9%). Other reasons for adaptation are named in Table 2. All ICUs had guidelines for the maximum number of visitors at one time (mean ). There were differences between the number of visitors allowed at any given time between the RVP, PRP, and UP, namely 2.1, 2.2, and 3.0, respectively . Patients and first contacts reserved the right to restrict visitors in 72.3%   of ICUs. In 50.6% of all ICUs children were allowed, and of these ICUs 72.1% had no age limit. The facilities and support for family members of ICU patients are demonstrated in Table 3. Most ICUs offered facilities in a special family room (82.4%) and in most ICUs there was a waiting room for visitors (77.6%). Information about the patient’s condition was shared with the family/first contact person by nurses (95.3%), junior residents (20.0%), and by appointment with the ICU consultant (90.6%). In 12.9%   of ICUs there was a host(ess) to provide family support. Finally, most ICUs (63.5%) do not take general precautions against infections while the patient was not in strict isolation. If any precautions were taken, the most common one reported was hand disinfection (34.1%). A minority of the medical directors (41.2%) reported to be familiar with the available research that supports UP. Due to small numbers no statistical significant differences were found regarding awareness of current research (general hospitals 40%, teaching hospitals 33.3%, and academic hospitals 66.7%). The most commonly cited argument against UP was the assumption that extended visiting hours would negatively interfere with daily clinical routine. RVP ICUs expected total visiting durations of 3 to 6 hours when changing their RVP to an UP. Additional arguments were a disturbance to the patient and a lack of privacy for the patient. The most frequently cited argument for UP was a “positive family experience”.
Five ICUs reported a reversal of the UP to an RVP based on unacceptable disturbance levels for the patient and the ICU workers. In addition, one ICU cited unsuitable ward layout as the determining factor in adopting an RVP. Considerations for RVP, stratified by hospital type, are shown in Figure 1. The hospitals that use UP both reported an estimated mean daily visiting time duration of 2 hours ( min).
4. Discussion
Based on our research, we can report that collectively 41.2% of Dutch ICUs are aware of the literature surrounding visiting policies and that only 2.4% of the total number of Dutch ICUs have adopted UP based on a response rate of more than 80%. Furthermore, five hospitals reverted back to an RVP following a trial period with an UP. These statistics are entirely consistent with research conducted across Europe including the United Kingdom (81.1% RVP), Belgium (100% RVP), France (97% RVP), and Italy (99.6% RVP) [5, 6, 8, 10] and reflect the reasons cited against UP in the literature. [4, 7, 11] Recurrent objections to UP that transcended throughout the questionnaires included: interference with daily care, increased stress for the patient, and insufficient patient privacy. Interestingly, in contrast to European ICUs, infection risk was not cited as a decisive factor in not adopting UP. Furthermore, the highest proportion of PRP was found in academic hospitals (11.1%) which arguably reflects that academic hospitals are more aware of the supporting literature for UP and PRP. The finding that 66.7% of academic hospitals were aware of the current supportive literature compared with 40% of general hospitals and 33.3% of teaching hospitals supports this theory.
We were moderately surprised by the sparsity of UP in the Netherlands owing to the generally supportive literature that surrounds this topic. An adoption of UP is generally regarded to increase the understanding and relationship between patients, family, and caretakers, and therefore in turn reduces levels of anxiety and depression [2, 3, 12–16]. Evidence to underpin this theory is clearly provided by a small, randomized control trial (RCT) conducted by Fumagalli et al. [3]. Their RCT demonstrated that the risk of a cardiovascular event was two-fold higher in patients exposed to RVP as opposed to patients with UP. It was postulated that reduced stress and anxiety scores were a direct consequence of greater contact with friends and family. Moreover, favorable hormone profiling in the UP provided quantitative weight to their theory [3]. This research provides clear evidence supporting an adoption of UP.
Furthermore, great emphasis within the literature has also been placed on the advantages of a “family-centred” approach [8, 15, 16]. Nonetheless, only a minority of the ICUs offers overnight stay (17.6%) and/or a specialized family host service (11.9%). Effective and clear information at the point of admission is crucial in developing a fundamental understanding of the aims and goals of an ICU admission [6, 8, 15, 16]. Familiarizing the relatives with the ICU setting theoretically reduces the stress and anxiety associated with a relative’s admission. These feelings are then transposed to the patient, and the net gain is a patient with reduced stress and anxiety levels. Nevertheless, only 58.3% of all the responding Dutch ICUs have an admission meeting involving the medical staff. In 94% of ICUs there is an intake with a nurse and 95.2% of ICUs supply written literature, such as brochures, as the primary source for delivering information regarding the ICU. Quantifying the benefit of clear communication with relatives at the point of admission is difficult to achieve and it was beyond the remit of this study. Nonetheless, in conjunction with our existing study, a patient and relative focused study could lend further weight to our theory that effective communication at the point of admission reduces relatives stress and anxiety. In turn, there is a synergistic beneficial effect on the patient.
Despite the evidence supporting UP, there remains considerable opposition to the adoption of UP as highlighted by the fact that only 2.4% of Dutch ICUs introduced such a policy. Main reasons mentioned in our survey were “an interference with the daily routine,” “increased stress for the patient” and “patient privacy considerations.” We found that there was little difference in the actual visiting times between UP and a PRP  min per day and per day, respectively. Strikingly, five Dutch ICUs reversed their UP to a less open policy, for the reason of staff and/or patient convenience. This surprising fact, which has never been described, needs more attention in future research.
The key difference between UP and PRP was the freedom of movement allowed in the UP as the PRP usually comprised of two defined visiting blocks per day. The flexibility offered by UP is arguably of great benefit to the relatives, and therefore in turn the patient. However, what is not clear from our study is what time of day was most common for relatives in the UP ICU to visit and how this relates to a PRP or RVP. Furthermore, we have not investigated the effect of single or multiple rooms on the length of stay of relatives. This is relevant because a study among Dutch ICU nurses showed that single patient room ICUs had notably longer visiting hours [17]. This is a significant finding because the “Society of Critical Medicine” has clearly defined that private rooms are considered superior to multibed rooms as they offer more privacy and potentially lower infection risk [18]. Moreover, a single room facility would make the implementation of UP far easier and would nullify arguments against UP that are based on patient privacy. Nonetheless, they would however support the fear that in UP ICU with single bed facilities, very long visiting hours could be experienced [17–21].
In addition, to the aforementioned limitations, two others have to be mentioned also. Firstly, the study was limited to the medical directors of the ICUs across the Netherlands. Inclusion of senior nursing staff might have generated a more complete data set. Another limitation is the narrow range of choices in categorizing visiting hour policies (UP, PRP, and RVP). This timeframe categorization was formulated on the clinical experience of the study group. More timeframes might have given a clearer view on the total duration of visiting time.
5. Conclusions
Our results are consistent with results generated by previous research showing that almost nine out of ten ICUs employ a RVP. A fear of disrupting daily clinical routine with negative impact on patient care, privacy concerns, and an expected increase in visiting hours were the main reasons cited for a restricted visiting hours policy. Nonetheless, the reasons cited are not consistent with current literature. Furthermore, our data has shown that by adopting UP, the actual total daily visiting time does not increase significantly. Since the flexibility offered by UP have been shown to decrease stress and anxiety, facilitating UP, for instance, by increasing the number of single rooms combined with a “family-centered approach,” might considerably benefit the patient’s wellbeing.
Abbreviations
| ICU: | Intensive care unit |
| UP: | Unrestricted visiting hours policy |
| PRP: | Partly restricted visiting hours policy |
| RVP: | Restricted visiting hours policy. |
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no financial or nonfinancial conflict of interests.
Contributions
K. Noordermeer designed the study, developed the online questionnaire, made contact with the centers, did acquisition of data, and was involved in analysis and interpretation, drafting, and final approval. T. A. Rijpstra developed and/or approved the questionnaire, and was involved in analysis, interpretation of data, and final approval. D. Newhall drafted and critical revised the manuscript, final approval. A. M. Pelle designed the study, and was involved critical revising, statistical analysis, and final approval. N. J. M. van der meer designed the study, made contact with the centers, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting and critical revising, and final approval.