Vol 90, No 4 (2019)
Review paper
Published online: 2019-04-29
The early years of life. Are they influenced by our microbiome?
Abstract
Human microbiome contains the genetic pool of bacteria and other microbes such as Achaea, fungi and viruses inhabiting the human body. It holds an immense potential to affect both physiological and pathological processes. The microbiome’s composition can be defined in detail by analyzing ribosomal 16S rRNA and metagenomic tests. Recent increases in cesar- ean sections, the use of antibiotics during pregnancy, the increasing amount of prematurely born children and changes in infant nutrition have an impact on the microbiome forming process. A correlation between the bowel microbiome’s com- position and the occurrence of certain diseases, especially inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), asthma and type 1 diabetes has been demonstrated. The influence on the development of cognitive functions and behaviour has also been displayed. This correlation justifies attempts to restore the beneficial the composition of the microbiome through the use of probiotics, vaginal microflora transfer in case of cesarean section and encouraging breastfeeding. Development of multiple studies on the topic of the human microbiome and its impact on the human body is necessary in order to reach final conclusions. The aim of this article is to summarize recent findings regarding the development of the human microbiome from the first days of life and the influence of changes in its composition on human health.
Keywords: microbiomenewborndeliverydietneurodevelopmentatopytype 1 diabetes
References
- Tanaka M, Nakayama J. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergol Int. 2017; 66(4): 515–522.
- Janda JM, Abbott SL. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(9): 2761–2764.
- Schubert S, Kostrzewa M. MALDI-TOF MS in the Microbiology Laboratory: Current Trends. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2017; 23: 17–20.
- Rehbinder EM, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Staff AC, et al. Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 219(3): 289.e1–289.e12.
- Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, et al. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(237): 237ra65.
- Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S, et al. Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology. 2012; 102(3): 178–184.
- Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008; 159(3): 187–193.
- Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S, et al. Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology. 2012; 102(3): 178–184.
- Zou ZH, Liu D, Li HD, et al. Prenatal and postnatal antibiotic exposure influences the gut microbiota of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2018; 17(1): 9.
- Hill CJ, Lynch DB, Murphy K, et al. Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort. Microbiome. 2017; 5(1): 4.
- Aagaard K, Riehle K, Ma J, et al. A metagenomic approach to characterization of the vaginal microbiome signature in pregnancy. PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e36466.
- de Muinck EJ, Oien T, Storrø O, et al. Diversity, transmission and persistence of Escherichia coli in a cohort of mothers and their infants. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2011; 3(3): 352–359.
- Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107(26): 11971–11975.
- Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, et al. CHILD Study Investigators. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013; 185(5): 385–394.
- Forsgren M, Isolauri E, Salminen S, et al. Late preterm birth has direct and indirect effects on infant gut microbiota development during the first six months of life. Acta Paediatr. 2017; 106(7): 1103–1109.
- Groer MW, Luciano AA, Dishaw LJ, et al. Development of the preterm infant gut microbiome: a research priority. Microbiome. 2014; 2: 38.
- Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med. 2016; 22(3): 250–253.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice in collaboration with Kurt R. Wharton, and Meredith L. Birsner. Vaginal Seeding. ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION. 2017; 725.
- Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger CP, et al. Vertical mother-neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeeding. Environ Microbiol. 2014; 16(9): 2891–2904.
- Jeurink PV, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jiménez E, et al. Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Benef Microbes. 2013; 4(1): 17–30.
- Williams JE, Carrothers JM, Lackey KA, et al. Human Milk Microbial Community Structure Is Relatively Stable and Related to Variations in Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intakes in Healthy Lactating Women. J Nutr. 2017; 147(9): 1739–1748.
- Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, et al. Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS One. 2011; 6(6): e21313.
- Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012; 486(7402): 222–227.
- O'Grady J, O'Connor EM, Shanahan F. Review article: dietary fibre in the era of microbiome science. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 49(5): 506–515.
- Avershina E, Cabrera Rubio R, Lundgård K, et al. Effect of probiotics in prevention of atopic dermatitis is dependent on the intrinsic microbiota at early infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 139(4): 1399–1402.e8.
- van Nimwegen FA, Penders J, Stobberingh EE, et al. Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128(5): 948–955.e1.
- Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, et al. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry. 2016; 21(6): 738–748.
- Avershina E, Cabrera Rubio R, Lundgård K, et al. Effect of probiotics in prevention of atopic dermatitis is dependent on the intrinsic microbiota at early infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 139(4): 1399–1402.e8.
- Tognini P. Gut Microbiota: A Potential Regulator of Neurodevelopment. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017; 11: 25.
- Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC, et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut. 2014; 63(4): 559–566.
- Lau K, Benitez P, Ardissone A, et al. Inhibition of type 1 diabetes correlated to a Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2-mediated Th17 bias. J Immunol. 2011; 186(6): 3538–3546.
- Rea K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiome: A key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation. Neurobiol Stress. 2016; 4: 23–33.
- Park H, Poo Mm. Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013; 14(1): 7–23.
- Collado MC, Rautava S, Aakko J, et al. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 23129.
- Brown CT, Davis-Richardson AG, Giongo A, et al. Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2011; 6(10): e25792.
- Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, et al. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 17(5): 690–703.
- Lennon EM, Maharshak N, Elloumi H, et al. Early life stress triggers persistent colonic barrier dysfunction and exacerbates colitis in adult IL-10-/- mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19(4): 712–719.
- Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015; 48: 186–194.
- Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013; 36(5): 305–312.
- Lima-Ojeda J, Rupprecht R, Baghai T. “I Am I and My Bacterial Circumstances”: Linking Gut Microbiome, Neurodevelopment, and Depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017; 8.
