Background
Methods
Study design
Smoking variables
Outcome
Explanatory variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Current smokera
| Former smokerb
| Never smokerc
| All | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 424) | (n = 448) | (n = 877) | (n = 1946) | |||||||||
Participants | Number of missing teeth | Participants | Number of missing teeth | Participants | Number of missing teeth | Participants | Number of missing teeth | |||||
% | Mean | ≥1: % | % | Mean | ≥ 1: % | % | Mean | ≥ 1: % | % | Mean | ≥ 1: % | |
Gender (n = 1946) | ||||||||||||
Male | 50 | 2.1 | 63 | 54 | 1.6 | 57 | 41 | 1.1 | 45 | 47 | 1.5 | 53 |
Female | 50 | 1.6 | 62 | 46 | 1.2 | 53 | 59 | 1.2 | 50 | 53 | 1.3 | 53 |
Education (n = 1865) | ||||||||||||
Basic | 8 | 2.8 | 82 | 6 | 1.8 | 62 | 3 | 1.8 | 65 | 5 | 2.2 | 70 |
Secondary | 48 | 2.1 | 67 | 42 | 1.8 | 63 | 28 | 1.5 | 59 | 36 | 1.7 | 63 |
Higher | 44 | 1.3 | 55 | 52 | 1.1 | 48 | 69 | 1.0 | 42 | 59 | 1.1 | 46 |
Tooth brushing (n = 1944) | ||||||||||||
Once daily or less | 40 | 2.0 | 65 | 39 | 1.7 | 61 | 26 | 1.4 | 52 | 34 | 1.7 | 58 |
At least twice daily | 60 | 1.7 | 61 | 61 | 1.2 | 51 | 74 | 1.0 | 46 | 66 | 1.2 | 51 |
Plaque (n = 1935) | ||||||||||||
Yes | 81 | 1.9 | 63 | 80 | 1.4 | 55 | 78 | 1.1 | 47 | 79 | 1.4 | 54 |
No | 19 | 1.7 | 59 | 20 | 1.5 | 53 | 22 | 1.1 | 49 | 21 | 1.3 | 52 |
Diabetes (n = 1919) | ||||||||||||
Yes | 4 | 1.7 | 65 | 2 | 1.7 | 43 | 2 | 2.3 | 56 | 2 | 1.9 | 58 |
No | 96 | 1.8 | 62 | 98 | 1.4 | 55 | 98 | 1.1 | 48 | 98 | 1.4 | 53 |
Alcohol use, g/wk (n = 1891) | ||||||||||||
Alcohol drinkere
| 19 | 2.2 | 68 | 13 | 1.4 | 47 | 6 | 1.3 | 48 | 10 | 1.7 | 57 |
Light drinkerd
| 81 | 1.7 | 61 | 87 | 1.4 | 56 | 94 | 1.1 | 48 | 90 | 1.3 | 53 |
Total (n = 1946) | 100 | 1.8 | 62 | 100 | 1.4 | 55 | 100 | 1.1 | 48 | 100 | 1.4 | 53 |
Participants | Number of missing teeth | ||
---|---|---|---|
% | Mean | ≥ 1: % | |
0–10 pack-years | 4 | 1.6 | 60 |
11–20 pack-years | 5 | 2.1 | 69 |
21 or more pack-years | 6 | 2.4 | 67 |
Former smoker | 26 | 1.4 | 55 |
Occasional smoker | 8 | 1.2 | 54 |
Never smoker | 51 | 1.1 | 48 |
1–20 years of smoking | 4 | 1.8 | 62 |
21–30 years of smoking | 8 | 2.2 | 68 |
31 or more years of smoking | 3 | 2.4 | 66 |
Total (n = 1735) | 100 | 1.4 | 53 |
Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | Adjusted RR (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) |
Female (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Education | ||
Basic | 2.11 (1.56–2.84) | 1.81 (1.34–2.46) |
Secondary | 1.67 (1.45–1.93) | 1.48 (1.27–1.72) |
Higher (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Tooth brushing | ||
Once daily or less | 1.38 (1.19–1.59) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) |
At least twice daily (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Plaque | ||
Yes | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) |
No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Diabetes | ||
Yes | 1.50 (0.97–2.33) | 1.40 (0.92–2.15) |
No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Smoking | ||
0–10 pack-years | 1.50 (1.06–2.13) | 1.39 (0.99–1.97) |
11–20 pack-years | 1.85 (1.38–2.49) | 1.55 (1.15–2.08) |
21 or more pack-years | 2.18 (1.67–2.85) | 1.78 (1.36–2.33) |
Former smoker | 1.25 (1.06–1.48) | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) |
Occasional smoker | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) |
Never smoker (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 years of smoking | 1.62 (1.15–2.28) | 1.40 (0.99–1.96) |
21–30 years of smoking | 2.00 (1.57–2.55) | 1.66 (1.29–2.12) |
31 or more years of smoking | 2.00 (1.40–2.86) | 1.72 (1.20–2.45) |
Never smoker (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Alcohol use, g/wk | ||
Alcohol drinker | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) |
Light drinker (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Gender | Education | Tooth brushing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Low | High | Once daily or less | At least twice daily | |
(n = 785) | (n = 909) | (n = 688) | (n = 1006) | (n = 557) | (n = 1137) | |
RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | RR (95 % CI) | |
Smoking | ||||||
0–10 pack-years | 1.90 (1.12–3.21) | 1.07 (0.68–1.70) | 1.34 (0.84–2.14) | 1.42 (0.85–2.37) | 1.58 (0.85–2.95) | 1.35 (0.89–2.04) |
11–20 pack-years | 2.27 (1.41–3.65) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 1.65 (1.16–2.35) | 1.35 (0.79–2.30) | 1.97 (1.21–3.23) | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) |
21 or more pack-years | 2.23 (1.52–3.26) | 1.41 (0.96–2.08) | 1.64 (1.20–2.25) | 2.25 (1.35–3.74) | 1.81 (1.21–2.70) | 1.81 (1.25–2.63) |
Former smoker | 1.36 (1.06–1.75) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) |
Occasional smoker | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | 0.99 (0.67–1.45) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 0.95 (0.62–1.44) | 1.01 (0.71–1.42) |
Never smoker (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–20 years of smoking | 2.00 (1.17–3.42) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) | 1.47 (0.96–2.24) | 1.28 (0.73–2.25) | 1.60 (0.89–2.88) | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) |
21–30 years of smoking | 2.15 (1.49–3.11) | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 1.68 (1.25–2.26) | 1.56 (1.00–2.44) | 1.85 (1.25–2.72) | 1.55 (1.12–2.14) |
31 or more years of smoking | 2.33 (1.40–3.87) | 1.26 (0.76–2.08) | 1.47 (0.95–2.29) | 2.35 (1.31–4.22) | 1.95 (1.13–3.36) | 1.59 (0.98–2.56) |
Never smoker (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |