Background
Methods
Data
Statistical methods
Explanatory variables
Results
Sample characteristics
Characteristics | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Births | Infant deaths | Chi-square test for association | Births | Infant deaths | Chi-square test for association | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Survival status of previous sibling at the time of conception of index child | ||||||||||
Alive | 328,133 | 56.5 | 8860 | 2.7 | χ2 = 5196.15;p-value = 0.001 | 440,912 | 61.5 | 20,085 | 4.6 | χ2 = 6803.33;p-value = 0.001 |
Dead | 16,221 | 2.8 | 2114 | 13.0 | 38,810 | 5.4 | 5495 | 14.2 | ||
Has no preceding sibling | 236,383 | 40.7 | 8248 | 3.5 | 237,558 | 33.1 | 16,877 | 7.1 | ||
Birth interval preceding to index child (in months) | ||||||||||
28 and more months | 186,283 | 32.1 | 3861 | 2.1 | χ2 = 3212.82;p-value = 0.001 | 241,742 | 33.7 | 7517 | 3.1 | χ2 = 8368.85;p-value = 0.001 |
19–27 months | 102,548 | 17.7 | 3257 | 3.2 | 154,978 | 21.6 | 8684 | 5.6 | ||
Less than 19 months | 55,523 | 9.6 | 3856 | 6.9 | 83,002 | 11.6 | 9379 | 11.3 | ||
Has no preceding sibling | 236,383 | 40.7 | 8248 | 3.5 | 237,558 | 33.1 | 16,877 | 7.1 | ||
Birth order of index child | ||||||||||
1–2 | 418,270 | 72.0 | 13,230 | 3.2 | χ2 = 331.34;p-value = 0.001 | 433,472 | 60.4 | 26,610 | 6.1 | χ2 = 295.55;p-value = 0.001 |
3 | 90,920 | 15.7 | 2914 | 3.2 | 130,004 | 18.1 | 6526 | 5.0 | ||
4 | 40,174 | 6.9 | 1516 | 3.8 | 75,429 | 10.5 | 4202 | 5.6 | ||
5 and more | 31,373 | 5.4 | 1562 | 5.0 | 78,375 | 10.9 | 5119 | 6.5 | ||
Birth cohort of index child | ||||||||||
2010–2016 | 131,015 | 22.6 | 3784 | 2.9 | χ2 = 764.94;p-value = 0.001 | 170,824 | 23.8 | 7978 | 4.7 | χ2 = 2704.81;p-value = 0.001 |
2005–2009 | 120,026 | 20.7 | 3548 | 3.0 | 154,081 | 21.5 | 8090 | 5.3 | ||
2000–2004 | 118,212 | 20.4 | 3657 | 3.1 | 149,892 | 20.9 | 8273 | 5.5 | ||
1995–1999 | 103,057 | 17.7 | 3394 | 3.3 | 124,871 | 17.4 | 7913 | 6.3 | ||
1990–1994 | 72,790 | 12.5 | 2880 | 4.0 | 80,846 | 11.3 | 6248 | 7.7 | ||
1970–1989 | 35,637 | 6.1 | 1959 | 5.5 | 36,766 | 5.1 | 3955 | 10.8 | ||
Gender of child | ||||||||||
Male | 306,208 | 52.7 | 11,051 | 3.6 | χ2 = 181.01;p-value = 0.001 | 376,037 | 52.4 | 23,506 | 6.3 | χ2 = 156.27;p-value = 0.001 |
Female | 274,529 | 47.3 | 8171 | 3.0 | 341,243 | 47.6 | 18,951 | 5.6 | ||
Mother’s age during birth of index child (in years) | ||||||||||
Less than 20 | 136,083 | 23.4 | 6311 | 4.6 | χ2 = 1037.16;p-value = 0.001 | 152,112 | 21.2 | 13,680 | 9.0 | χ2 = 3396.36;p-value = 0.001 |
20–24 | 238,460 | 41.1 | 7111 | 3.0 | 300,792 | 41.9 | 16,219 | 5.4 | ||
25–29 | 141,359 | 24.3 | 3714 | 2.6 | 177,608 | 24.8 | 8209 | 4.6 | ||
30 and more | 64,835 | 11.2 | 2086 | 3.2 | 86,768 | 12.1 | 4349 | 5.0 | ||
Mother’s anaemia status | ||||||||||
Not anaemic | 297,151 | 51.2 | 9165 | 3.1 | χ2 = 137.13;p-value = 0.001 | 329,252 | 45.9 | 18,894 | 5.7 | χ2 = 174.57;p-value = 0.001 |
Moderately anaemic | 208,083 | 35.8 | 7112 | 3.4 | 291,572 | 40.6 | 16,957 | 5.8 | ||
Severely anaemic | 75,503 | 13.0 | 2945 | 3.9 | 96,456 | 13.4 | 6606 | 6.8 | ||
Mother’s level of education | ||||||||||
No formal schooling | 195,540 | 33.7 | 8297 | 4.2 | χ2 = 1148.74;p-value = 0.001 | 410,678 | 57.3 | 27,559 | 6.7 | χ2 = 1429.12;p-value = 0.001 |
Upto Primary | 98,551 | 17.0 | 3697 | 3.8 | 105,850 | 14.8 | 6303 | 6.0 | ||
Secondary or higher | 286,646 | 49.4 | 7228 | 2.5 | 200,752 | 28.0 | 8595 | 4.3 | ||
Caste of the household | ||||||||||
Scheduled Tribes | 144,226 | 24.8 | 4607 | 3.2 | χ2 = 32.12;p-value = 0.001 | 101,200 | 14.1 | 6092 | 6.0 | χ2 = 369.62;p-value = 0.001 |
Scheduled Castes | 99,908 | 17.2 | 3582 | 3.6 | 143,735 | 20.0 | 9726 | 6.8 | ||
Other Backward Classes | 167,092 | 28.8 | 5417 | 3.2 | 346,913 | 48.4 | 20,337 | 5.9 | ||
Others | 169,511 | 29.2 | 5616 | 3.3 | 125,432 | 17.5 | 6302 | 5.0 | ||
Religion of the household | ||||||||||
Hinduism | 346,556 | 59.7 | 11,793 | 3.4 | χ2 = 164.16;p-value = 0.001 | 609,694 | 85.0 | 36,773 | 6.0 | χ2 = 99.51;p-value = 0.001 |
Islam | 97,726 | 16.8 | 3607 | 3.7 | 92,441 | 12.9 | 4958 | 5.4 | ||
Others | 136,455 | 23.5 | 3822 | 2.8 | 15,145 | 2.1 | 726 | 4.8 | ||
Place of residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 172,151 | 29.6 | 4552 | 2.6 | χ2 = 338.86;p-value = 0.001 | 156,544 | 21.8 | 7672 | 4.9 | χ2 = 372.88;p-value = 0.001 |
Rural | 408,586 | 70.4 | 14,670 | 3.6 | 560,736 | 78.2 | 34,785 | 6.2 | ||
Household Wealth Quintile | ||||||||||
Richest | 109,350 | 18.8 | 2409 | 2.2 | χ2 = 1090.59;p-value = 0.001 | 78,223 | 10.9 | 2765 | 3.5 | χ2 = 1601.63;p-value = 0.001 |
Richer | 130,452 | 22.5 | 3636 | 2.8 | 93,584 | 13.0 | 4518 | 4.8 | ||
Middle | 142,840 | 24.6 | 4820 | 3.4 | 122,217 | 17.0 | 6758 | 5.5 | ||
Poorer | 132,307 | 22.8 | 5323 | 4.0 | 173,126 | 24.1 | 10,908 | 6.3 | ||
Poorest | 65,788 | 11.3 | 3034 | 4.6 | 250,130 | 34.9 | 17,508 | 7.0 | ||
Overall | 580,737 | 100.0 | 19,222 | 3.3 | 717,280 | 100.0 | 42,457 | 5.9 |
Characteristics | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Births | Child deaths | Chi-square testfor association | Births | Child deaths | Chi-square testfor association | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Survival status of previous sibling at the time of conception of index child | ||||||||||
Alive | 328,133 | 56.5 | 2830 | 0.9 | χ2 = 302.62;p-value = 0.001 | 440,912 | 61.5 | 7536 | 1.7 | χ2 = 267.40;p-value = 0.001 |
Dead | 16,221 | 2.8 | 283 | 1.7 | 38,810 | 5.4 | 812 | 2.1 | ||
Has no preceding sibling | 236,383 | 40.7 | 1457 | 0.6 | 237,558 | 33.1 | 2997 | 1.3 | ||
Birth interval preceding to index child (in months) | ||||||||||
28 and more months | 186,283 | 32.1 | 1185 | 0.6 | χ2 = 624.04;p-value = 0.001 | 241,742 | 33.7 | 2626 | 1.1 | χ2 = 1856.82;p-value = 0.001 |
19–27 months | 102,548 | 17.7 | 1081 | 1.1 | 154,978 | 21.6 | 3237 | 2.1 | ||
Less than 19 months | 55,523 | 9.6 | 847 | 1.5 | 83,002 | 11.6 | 2485 | 3.0 | ||
Has no preceding sibling | 236,383 | 40.7 | 1457 | 0.6 | 237,558 | 33.1 | 2997 | 1.3 | ||
Birth order of index child | ||||||||||
1–2 | 418,270 | 72.0 | 2724 | 0.7 | χ2 = 566.05;p-value = 0.001 | 433,472 | 60.4 | 5891 | 1.4 | χ2 = 399.54;p-value = 0.001 |
3 | 90,920 | 15.7 | 815 | 0.9 | 130,004 | 18.1 | 2285 | 1.8 | ||
4 | 40,174 | 6.9 | 487 | 1.2 | 75,429 | 10.5 | 1480 | 2.0 | ||
5 and more | 31,373 | 5.4 | 544 | 1.7 | 78,375 | 10.9 | 1689 | 2.2 | ||
Birth cohort of index child | ||||||||||
2010–2016 | 131,015 | 22.6 | 496 | 0.4 | χ2 = 710.11;p-value = 0.001 | 170,824 | 23.8 | 1066 | 0.6 | χ2 = 2404.49;p-value = 0.001 |
2005–2009 | 120,026 | 20.7 | 806 | 0.7 | 154,081 | 21.5 | 2104 | 1.4 | ||
2000–2004 | 118,212 | 20.4 | 963 | 0.8 | 149,892 | 20.9 | 2376 | 1.6 | ||
1995–1999 | 103,057 | 17.7 | 950 | 0.9 | 124,871 | 17.4 | 2520 | 2.0 | ||
1990–1994 | 72,790 | 12.5 | 782 | 1.1 | 80,846 | 11.3 | 2056 | 2.5 | ||
1970–1989 | 35,637 | 6.1 | 573 | 1.6 | 36,766 | 5.1 | 1223 | 3.3 | ||
Gender of child | ||||||||||
Male | 306,208 | 52.7 | 2339 | 0.8 | χ2 = 4.42;p-value = 0.036 | 376,037 | 52.4 | 4943 | 1.3 | χ2 = 362.45;p-value = 0.001 |
Female | 274,529 | 47.3 | 2231 | 0.8 | 341,243 | 47.6 | 6402 | 1.9 | ||
Mother’s age during birth of index child (in years) | ||||||||||
Less than 20 | 136,083 | 23.4 | 1382 | 1.0 | χ2 = 126.62;p-value = 0.001 | 152,112 | 21.2 | 2975 | 2.0 | χ2 = 184.82;p-value = 0.001 |
20–24 | 238,460 | 41.1 | 1681 | 0.7 | 300,792 | 41.9 | 4373 | 1.5 | ||
25–29 | 141,359 | 24.3 | 985 | 0.7 | 177,608 | 24.8 | 2599 | 1.5 | ||
30 and more | 64,835 | 11.2 | 522 | 0.8 | 86,768 | 12.1 | 1398 | 1.6 | ||
Mother’s anaemia status | ||||||||||
Not anaemic | 297,151 | 51.2 | 2242 | 0.8 | χ2 = 13.57;p-value = 0.001 | 329,252 | 45.9 | 4918 | 1.5 | χ2 = 30.34;p-value = 0.001 |
Moderately anaemic | 208,083 | 35.8 | 1660 | 0.8 | 291,572 | 40.6 | 4820 | 1.7 | ||
Severely anaemic | 75,503 | 13.0 | 668 | 0.9 | 96,456 | 13.4 | 1607 | 1.7 | ||
Mother’s level of education | ||||||||||
No formal schooling | 195,540 | 33.7 | 2404 | 1.2 | χ2 = 973.05;p-value = 0.001 | 410,678 | 57.3 | 8766 | 2.1 | χ2 = 2079.69;p-value = 0.001 |
Upto Primary | 98,551 | 17.0 | 920 | 0.9 | 105,850 | 14.8 | 1347 | 1.3 | ||
Secondary or higher | 286,646 | 49.4 | 1246 | 0.4 | 200,752 | 28.0 | 1232 | 0.6 | ||
Caste of the household | ||||||||||
Scheduled Tribes | 144,226 | 24.8 | 1576 | 1.1 | χ2 = 251.86;p-value = 0.001 | 101,200 | 14.1 | 2220 | 2.2 | χ2 = 624.39;p-value = 0.001 |
Scheduled Castes | 99,908 | 17.2 | 800 | 0.8 | 143,735 | 20.0 | 2799 | 1.9 | ||
Other Backward Classes | 167,092 | 28.8 | 1099 | 0.7 | 346,913 | 48.4 | 4983 | 1.4 | ||
Others | 169,511 | 29.2 | 1095 | 0.6 | 125,432 | 17.5 | 1343 | 1.1 | ||
Religion of the household | ||||||||||
Hinduism | 346,556 | 59.7 | 2482 | 0.7 | χ2 = 65.59;p-value = 0.001 | 609,694 | 85.0 | 9716 | 1.6 | χ2 = 9.31;p-value = 0.010 |
Islam | 97,726 | 16.8 | 803 | 0.8 | 92,441 | 12.9 | 1366 | 1.5 | ||
Others | 136,455 | 23.5 | 1285 | 0.9 | 15,145 | 2.1 | 263 | 1.7 | ||
Place of residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 172,151 | 29.6 | 940 | 0.5 | χ2 = 181.87;p-value = 0.001 | 156,544 | 21.8 | 1717 | 1.1 | χ2 = 302.41;p-value = 0.001 |
Rural | 408,586 | 70.4 | 3630 | 0.9 | 560,736 | 78.2 | 9628 | 1.7 | ||
Household Wealth Quintile | ||||||||||
Richest | 109,350 | 18.8 | 413 | 0.4 | χ2 = 879.75;p-value = 0.001 | 78,223 | 10.9 | 435 | 0.6 | χ2 = 1584.14;p-value = 0.001 |
Richer | 130,452 | 22.5 | 695 | 0.5 | 93,584 | 13.0 | 911 | 1.0 | ||
Middle | 142,840 | 24.6 | 1058 | 0.7 | 122,217 | 17.0 | 1524 | 1.2 | ||
Poorer | 132,307 | 22.8 | 1449 | 1.1 | 173,126 | 24.1 | 2818 | 1.6 | ||
Poorest | 65,788 | 11.3 | 955 | 1.5 | 250,130 | 34.9 | 5657 | 2.3 | ||
Overall | 580,737 | 100.0 | 4570 | 0.8 | 717,280 | 100.0 | 11,345 | 1.6 |
Cumulative hazard plot
Descriptive analysis
Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | India | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of births | Number of women | Percent of women | Number of women | Percent of women | Number of women | Percent of women |
1 | 53,365 | 22.5 | 40,288 | 16.9 | 93,653 | 19.7 |
2 | 91,058 | 38.4 | 65,742 | 27.6 | 156,800 | 33.0 |
3 | 51,588 | 21.8 | 55,263 | 23.2 | 106,851 | 22.5 |
4 | 23,168 | 9.8 | 35,861 | 15.0 | 59,029 | 12.4 |
5 | 9936 | 4.2 | 19,992 | 8.4 | 29,928 | 6.3 |
6 | 4422 | 1.9 | 10,939 | 4.6 | 15,361 | 3.2 |
7 | 1939 | 0.8 | 5631 | 2.4 | 7570 | 1.6 |
8 and more | 1593 | 0.7 | 4672 | 2.0 | 6265 | 1.3 |
Total | 237,069 | 100 | 238,388 | 100 | 475,457 | 100 |
Number of infant deaths | ||||||
0 | 221,022 | 93.2 | 204,922 | 86.0 | 425,944 | 89.6 |
1 | 13,607 | 5.7 | 26,862 | 11.3 | 40,469 | 8.5 |
2 | 1922 | 0.8 | 4967 | 2.1 | 6889 | 1.4 |
3 | 374 | 0.2 | 1130 | 0.5 | 1504 | 0.3 |
4 | 102 | 0.0 | 356 | 0.1 | 458 | 0.1 |
5 and more | 42 | 0.0 | 151 | 0.1 | 193 | 0.0 |
Total | 237,069 | 100 | 238,388 | 100 | 475,457 | 100 |
Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | India | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of births | Number of women | Percent of women | Number of women | Percent of women | Number of women | Percent of women |
1 | 53,365 | 22.5 | 40,288 | 16.9 | 93,653 | 19.7 |
2 | 91,058 | 38.4 | 65,742 | 27.6 | 156,800 | 33.0 |
3 | 51,588 | 21.8 | 55,263 | 23.2 | 106,851 | 22.5 |
4 | 23,168 | 9.8 | 35,861 | 15.0 | 59,029 | 12.4 |
5 | 9936 | 4.2 | 19,992 | 8.4 | 29,928 | 6.3 |
6 | 4422 | 1.9 | 10,939 | 4.6 | 15,361 | 3.2 |
7 | 1939 | 0.8 | 5631 | 2.4 | 7570 | 1.6 |
8 and more | 1593 | 0.7 | 4672 | 2.0 | 6265 | 1.3 |
Total | 237,069 | 100 | 238,388 | 100 | 475,457 | 100 |
Number of child deaths | ||||||
0 | 232,922 | 98.3 | 228,376 | 95.8 | 461,298 | 97.0 |
1 | 3798 | 1.6 | 8891 | 3.7 | 12,689 | 2.7 |
2 | 298 | 0.1 | 950 | 0.4 | 1248 | 0.3 |
3 and more | 51 | 0.0 | 171 | 0.1 | 222 | 0.0 |
Total | 237,069 | 100 | 238,388 | 100 | 475,457 | 100 |
The extent of mortality clustering among mothers from non-EAG and EAG regions
Infant Death Clustering | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | ||
Null Model | Full Model | Null Model | Full Model | |
Level 2: Mother | ||||
Variance | 1.56 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.69 |
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC %) | 20.91 | 13.81 | 14.04 | 10.25 |
Level 1: Children | ||||
Variance | 5.91 | 5.98 | 6.04 | 6.01 |
Weibull Regression Shape Parameter (γ)*** | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
Likelihood Ratio Test*** | 4123.32 | 940.86 | 5933.48 | 1799.09 |
No of mothers | 237,069 | 237,069 | 238,388 | 238,388 |
No of births | 580,737 | 580,737 | 717,280 | 717,280 |
Child Death Clustering | ||||
Measures | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | ||
Null Model | Full Model | Null Model | Full Model | |
Level 2: Mother | ||||
Variance | 1.89 | 1.39 | 1.21 | 0.94 |
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC %) | 24.51 | 18.81 | 15.05 | 11.93 |
Level 1: Children | ||||
Variance | 5.81 | 5.98 | 6.86 | 6.94 |
Weibull Regression Shape Parameter (γ)*** | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
Likelihood Ratio Test*** | 834.86 | 478.38 | 1296.23 | 791.28 |
No of mothers | 237,069 | 237,069 | 238,388 | 238,388 |
No of births | 580,737 | 580,737 | 717,280 | 717,280 |
Under-5 Death Clustering | ||||
Measures | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | ||
Null Model | Full Model | Null Model | Full Model | |
Level 2: Mother | ||||
Variance | 1.436 | 0.938 | 0.837 | 0.583 |
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC %) | 9.76 | 6.53 | 6.06 | 4.29 |
Level 1: Children | ||||
Variance | 13.278 | 13.431 | 12.984 | 13.017 |
Weibull Regression Shape Parameter (γ)*** | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
Likelihood Ratio Test*** | 4984.38 | 1339.94 | 6451.55 | 2047.43 |
No of mothers | 237,069 | 237,069 | 238,388 | 238,388 |
No of births | 580,737 | 580,737 | 717,280 | 717,280 |
Multivariate analysis showing the association of infant, child, and under-5 mortality with relevant explanatory variables in the non-EAG and EAG regions
Characteristics | Infant mortality (0–11 months) | Child mortality (12–59 months) | Under-5 mortality (0–59 months) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | Non-EAG Region | EAG Region | |||||||
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
Survival status of previous sibling at the time of conception of index child | ||||||||||||
Alive® | ||||||||||||
Dead | 1.67* | (1.55–1.80) | 1.38* | (1.32–1.44) | 1.26* | (1.10–1.43) | 0.83* | (0.77–0.90) | 1.46* | (1.37–1.56) | 1.24* | (1.20–1.29) |
Has no preceding sibling | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
Birth interval preceding to index child (in months) | ||||||||||||
28 and more months® | ||||||||||||
19–27 months | 1.43* | (1.36–1.50) | 1.71* | (1.65–1.76) | 1.40* | (1.28–1.52) | 1.73* | (1.64–1.82) | 1.44* | (1.38–1.50) | 1.74* | (1.69–1.78) |
Less than 19 months | 2.71* | (2.58–2.84) | 3.15* | (3.05–3.26) | 1.86* | (1.70–2.05) | 2.43* | (2.29–2.58) | 2.55* | (2.44–2.66) | 3.05* | (2.97–3.14) |
Has no preceding sibling | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
Birth order of index child | ||||||||||||
1–2® | ||||||||||||
3 | 1.11* | (1.06–1.16) | 1.04* | (1.00–1.07) | 1.20* | (1.10–1.31) | 1.17* | (1.11–1.24) | 1.12* | (1.07–1.17) | 1.07* | (1.04–1.10) |
4 | 1.19* | (1.12–1.26) | 1.09* | (1.05–1.14) | 1.50* | (1.34–1.68) | 1.25* | (1.17–1.34) | 1.22* | (1.16–1.29) | 1.12* | (1.08–1.16) |
5 and more | 1.30* | (1.22–1.40) | 1.12* | (1.08–1.18) | 1.93* | (1.71–2.18) | 1.27* | (1.18–1.37) | 1.35* | (1.27–1.44) | 1.13* | (1.09–1.17) |
Birth cohort of index child | ||||||||||||
2010–2016® | ||||||||||||
2005–2009 | 0.92* | (0.88–0.97) | 1.01 | (0.98–1.05) | 1.25* | (1.11–1.40) | 1.53* | (1.42–1.64) | 0.83* | (0.80–0.87) | 0.94* | (0.91–0.96) |
2000–2004 | 0.94* | (0.89–0.98) | 1.05* | (1.02–1.09) | 1.51* | (1.35–1.68) | 1.78* | (1.65–1.92) | 0.88* | (0.84–0.91) | 1.00 | (0.97–1.03) |
1995–1999 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.03) | 1.21* | (1.17–1.25) | 1.73* | (1.54–1.94) | 2.36* | (2.19–2.54) | 0.93* | (0.89–0.98) | 1.19* | (1.15–1.22) |
1990–1994 | 1.13* | (1.07–1.19) | 1.41* | (1.36–1.46) | 2.06* | (1.82–2.33) | 3.14* | (2.90–3.41) | 1.08* | (1.03–1.14) | 1.43* | (1.38–1.48) |
1970–1989 | 1.37* | (1.28–1.46) | 1.72* | (1.64–1.80) | 3.03* | (2.64–3.48) | 4.13* | (3.76–4.53) | 1.37* | (1.29–1.45) | 1.77* | (1.70–1.85) |
Gender of child | ||||||||||||
Male® | ||||||||||||
Female | 0.82* | (0.79–0.84) | 0.87* | (0.85–0.89) | 1.07* | (1.01–1.13) | 1.44* | (1.38–1.49) | 0.86* | (0.84–0.88) | 0.97* | (0.95–0.99) |
Mother’s age during birth of index child (in years) | ||||||||||||
20–24® | ||||||||||||
Less than 20 | 1.32* | (1.27–1.37) | 1.37* | (1.34–1.41) | 1.25* | (1.16–1.36) | 1.19* | (1.13–1.26) | 1.30* | (1.26–1.35) | 1.34* | (1.31–1.37) |
25–29 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.02) | 0.97 | (0.95–1.00) | 0.93 | (0.85–1.01) | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.97 | (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 | (0.95–1.00) |
30 and more | 1.20* | (1.13–1.27) | 1.09* | (1.05–1.14) | 0.89 | (0.79–1.01) | 1.06 | (0.98–1.15) | 1.14* | (1.08–1.20) | 1.09* | (1.05–1.13) |
Mother’s anaemia status | ||||||||||||
Not anaemic® | ||||||||||||
Moderately anaemic | 1.07* | (1.03–1.11) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.03) | 1.05 | (0.98–1.12) | 1.07* | (1.02–1.12) | 1.07* | (1.04–1.10) | 1.02 | (1.00–1.04) |
Severely anaemic | 1.20* | (1.15–1.26) | 1.20* | (1.17–1.24) | 1.15* | (1.05–1.26) | 1.11* | (1.04–1.18) | 1.20* | (1.15–1.25) | 1.19* | (1.16–1.23) |
Mother’s level of education | ||||||||||||
Secondary or Higher® | ||||||||||||
Upto Primary | 1.24* | (1.18–1.29) | 1.20* | (1.15–1.24) | 1.38* | (1.25–1.51) | 1.37* | (1.26–1.49) | 1.25* | (1.20–1.31) | 1.20* | (1.16–1.24) |
No formal schooling | 1.26* | (1.21–1.31) | 1.23* | (1.20–1.27) | 1.50* | (1.38–1.63) | 1.72* | (1.61–1.85) | 1.30* | (1.25–1.35) | 1.29* | (1.25–1.33) |
Caste of the household | ||||||||||||
Scheduled Tribes® | ||||||||||||
Scheduled Castes | 1.08* | (1.02–1.14) | 1.19* | (1.15–1.23) | 0.80* | (0.73–0.89) | 0.98 | (0.92–1.04) | 1.01 | (0.97–1.06) | 1.14* | (1.10–1.18) |
Other Backward Classes | 1.06* | (1.00–1.11) | 1.10* | (1.06–1.14) | 0.79* | (0.71–0.87) | 0.80* | (0.75–0.85) | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) |
Others | 1.07* | (1.02–1.13) | 1.07* | (1.03–1.12) | 0.73* | (0.66–0.81) | 0.76* | (0.71–0.83) | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.99 | (0.96–1.03) |
Religion of the household | ||||||||||||
Hinduism® | ||||||||||||
Islam | 1.03 | (0.99–1.08) | 0.93* | (0.90–0.96) | 1.07 | (0.97–1.18) | 1.06 | (0.99–1.13) | 1.04 | (1.00–1.09) | 0.96* | (0.93–0.99) |
Others | 0.87* | (0.83–0.92) | 0.87* | (0.80–0.94) | 1.17* | (1.07–1.27) | 1.03 | (0.90–1.19) | 0.92* | (0.88–0.96) | 0.89* | (0.83–0.96) |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Urban® | ||||||||||||
Rural | 1.10* | (1.06–1.15) | 0.97 | (0.94–1.00) | 1.04 | (0.96–1.13) | 0.94 | (0.89–1.01) | 1.10* | (1.06–1.14) | 0.97* | (0.94–1.00) |
Household Wealth Quintile | ||||||||||||
Richest® | ||||||||||||
Richer | 1.16* | (1.09–1.22) | 1.32* | (1.25–1.39) | 1.18* | (1.04–1.34) | 1.55* | (1.37–1.74) | 1.16* | (1.10–1.22) | 1.36* | (1.29–1.42) |
Middle | 1.33* | (1.26–1.41) | 1.50* | (1.42–1.58) | 1.45* | (1.28–1.64) | 1.88* | (1.67–2.11) | 1.36* | (1.29–1.43) | 1.56* | (1.49–1.64) |
Poorer | 1.56* | (1.47–1.65) | 1.71* | (1.62–1.80) | 1.99* | (1.75–2.27) | 2.32* | (2.07–2.60) | 1.64* | (1.56–1.74) | 1.82* | (1.73–1.90) |
Poorest | 1.73* | (1.61–1.85) | 1.95* | (1.85–2.05) | 2.54* | (2.21–2.93) | 3.13* | (2.79–3.51) | 1.89* | (1.77–2.01) | 2.16* | (2.06–2.26) |
Number of mothers | 237,069 | 238,388 | 237,069 | 238,388 | 237,069 | 238,388 | ||||||
Number of births | 580,737 | 717,280 | 580,737 | 717,280 | 580,737 | 717,280 |