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Erschienen in: Obere Extremität 2/2014

01.06.2014 | Leitthema: Übersicht

Instabilität des Glenohumeralgelenks

Pathomechanismen, Klassifikation und Therapieprinzipien

verfasst von: PD Dr. A. Hedtmann, MD, PhD, J. Kircher

Erschienen in: Obere Extremität | Ausgabe 2/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Das primär wenig stabile Glenohumeralgelenk wird durch ein feines Zusammenspiel von aktiven und passiven Elementen stabilisiert. Nur dadurch wird die schmerzfreie harmonische und kraftvolle Bewegung in allen 3 Ebenen ermöglicht. Neben den rein funktionellen Störungen dieses Zusammenspiels sind strukturelle Schäden häufige Ursachen für Instabilitätssymptome und Luxationen. Die Klassifikation anhand der Richtung, des Vorliegens eines Traumas und einer Hyperlaxität ist etabliert.
Neben der sorgfältigen Anamnese und gezielten klinischen Untersuchung mit speziellen Stabilitätstests stellt die bildgebende Diagnostik die Weichen für die Therapie. Mithilfe von Standardröntgenaufnahmen können knöcherne Läsionen erkannt und verhakte Luxationen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Sonographie liefert einen Zustandsbericht zur Rotatorenmanschette (RM); Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Computertomographie (CT) beschreiben die strukturellen Schäden im Glenohumeralgelenk.
Die Entscheidung zur operativen Therapie erfolgt mit Blick auf Lebensalter, Sportniveau, Beruf, Risikoprofil und Anspruch des Patienten sowie auf den vorliegenden Strukturschaden. Größere knöcherne Pfannenläsionen können nicht kompensiert werden und gelten als dringliche Operationsindikation. Fehlende Strukturschäden und ausgeprägte funktionelle Störungen der skapulohumeralen Balance (oftmals mit multidirektionaler Instabilität) sind die Domäne der konservativen Therapie.
Die operative Therapie hat das Ziel der anatomischen Rekonstruktion; dieses kann klassisch offen oder arthroskopisch erreicht werden. Beide Verfahren haben spezielle Vor- und Nachteile.
Mit modernen Therapieverfahren sind bei Beachtung der Indikationsstellung niedrige Rezidivraten, eine hohe Rate an Rückkehr in Sport und Beruf sowie eine verbesserte Langzeitprognose im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Instabilitätsarthrose zu erwarten.
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Metadaten
Titel
Instabilität des Glenohumeralgelenks
Pathomechanismen, Klassifikation und Therapieprinzipien
verfasst von
PD Dr. A. Hedtmann, MD, PhD
J. Kircher
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Obere Extremität / Ausgabe 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1862-6599
Elektronische ISSN: 1862-6602
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-014-0260-6

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