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Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie 10/2008

01.10.2008 | Leitthema

Expedition Glykokalyx

Ein neu entdecktes „Great Barrier Reef“

verfasst von: Dr. D. Chappell, M. Jacob, B.F. Becker, K. Hofmann-Kiefer, P. Conzen, M. Rehm

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2008

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Zusammenfassung

Jedes gesunde Gefäß wird luminal von einer endothelialen Glykokalyx ausgekleidet, die mit dem Blutstrom interagiert und Filterfunktionen an der Gefäßwand wahrnimmt. Obwohl diese Struktur bereits vor fast 70 Jahren entdeckt wurde, blieb ihre physiologische Bedeutung lange Zeit unterschätzt. Neueren Erkenntnissen zufolge ist die Glykokalyx, neben den Endothelzellen selbst, ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der vaskulären Barriere. Die unterschiedlichen kolloidosmotischen Gradienten inner- und unterhalb dieser Struktur haben mittlerweile zu einer Modifizierung der Starling-Gleichung geführt. Das Interstitium weist in vielen Abschnitten eine Proteinkonzentration auf, die mit derjenigen des Plasmas vergleichbar ist. Der einwärts gerichtete Gradient, der Wasser und Protein im Gefäßsystem zurückhält, entsteht unterhalb der Glykokalyx durch selektive Proteinfilterung über diese Struktur hinweg. Die endotheliale Glykokalyx besitzt damit als weitere kompetente vaskuläre Permeabilitätsbarriere eine Schlüsselfunktion nicht nur für perioperative Flüssigkeits- und Proteinverschiebungen ins Gewebe, sondern scheint darüber hinaus eine bedeutende Rolle in der Pathophysiologie von Diabetes, Arteriosklerose, Sepsis und Ischämie/Reperfusion (I/R) und den damit verbunden vaskulären Dysfunktionen zu spielen. Die fragile Glykokalyx kann durch chirurgische Eingriffe, Trauma, Ischämie/Reperfusion, Sepsis oder Entzündungsmediatoren wie Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor- (TNF-)α zerstört werden; dies kann zu Leukozytenadhäsion, Thrombozytenaggregation und Ödembildung führen. Neuere Studien konnten zeigen, dass eine Protektion dieser Schicht nicht nur einen Schutz der Gefäßbarriere darstellt, sondern ein wichtiger Bestandteil einer rationalen perioperativen Flüssigkeitstherapie sein kann.
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Metadaten
Titel
Expedition Glykokalyx
Ein neu entdecktes „Great Barrier Reef“
verfasst von
Dr. D. Chappell
M. Jacob
B.F. Becker
K. Hofmann-Kiefer
P. Conzen
M. Rehm
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2008
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-008-1445-4

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