Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Rechtsmedizin 1/2011

01.02.2011 | CME Weiterbildung · Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Alkoholkonsummarker

verfasst von: Dr. A. Thierauf, M. Große Perdekamp, W. Weinmann, V. Auwärter

Erschienen in: Rechtsmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Alkoholkonsummarker sind im Körper gebildete Stoffe, die eine stattgehabte Alkoholaufnahme anzeigen. Diese Biomarker der Äthanolaufnahme sind bei unverändert hohem Alkoholkonsum in der Bevölkerung für klinische, forensische und verkehrsmedizinische Fragestellungen von hoher Relevanz. Während vormals nur die indirekten Marker wie „carbohydrate deficient transferrin“, γ-Glutamyltransferase und mittleres korpuskuläres Erythrozytenvolumen zur Diagnostik herangezogen wurden, wird in jüngerer Zeit den direkten Konsummarkern vermehrt Beachtung geschenkt. Die indirekten Marker setzen längerfristig gesteigerten Alkoholkonsum voraus, da sie z. B. eine Zellschädigung oder eine Enzyminduktion anzeigen und dadurch Hinweise auf eine übermäßige Alkoholaufnahme geben. Ein geringer Prozentsatz des aufgenommenen Äthanols wird nichtoxidativ in einer Phase-II-Reaktion durch Kopplung an körpereigene Substanzen, wie z. B. Glukuronsäure oder Phosphatidylcholin, verstoffwechselt. Die dadurch gebildeten Verbindungen stellen direkte Alkoholkonsummarker dar, die teilweise bereits nach Konsum kleinster Mengen Äthanols entstehen. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Alkoholkonsummarker sind vielfältig. Hohe Markerkonzentrationen lassen eine Früherkennung von Alkoholmissbrauch und -abhängigkeit zu und dienen auf diesem Wege der Gesundheitsfürsorge. In der Arbeitsmedizin steht die Unfallvermeidung im Vordergrund; in der Verkehrsmedizin und im Rahmen von Alkoholentwöhnungstherapien wird anhand der Marker eine geforderte Abstinenz überprüft.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AET, Savolainen MJ (2007) Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med 45:953–961PubMedCrossRef Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AET, Savolainen MJ (2007) Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med 45:953–961PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinert DF, Allen JP (2007) The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:185–199PubMedCrossRef Reinert DF, Allen JP (2007) The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:185–199PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Schubert W, Mattern R (Hrsg) (2009) Urteilsbildung in der Medizinisch-Psychologischen Fahreignungsdiagnostik. Beurteilungskriterien, 2. erw. Aufl. Kirschbaum, Bonn, S 173 Schubert W, Mattern R (Hrsg) (2009) Urteilsbildung in der Medizinisch-Psychologischen Fahreignungsdiagnostik. Beurteilungskriterien, 2. erw. Aufl. Kirschbaum, Bonn, S 173
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P et al (2000) Enhanced clinical utility of gamma-CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1202–1206PubMed Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P et al (2000) Enhanced clinical utility of gamma-CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1202–1206PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas L (1998) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). In: Thomas L (Hrsg) Clinical laboratory diagnostics. TH-Books, Frankfurt a.M., S 80–86 Thomas L (1998) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). In: Thomas L (Hrsg) Clinical laboratory diagnostics. TH-Books, Frankfurt a.M., S 80–86
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Daeppen JB, Smith TL, Schuckit MA (1998) Influence of age and body mass index on gamma-glutamyltransferase activity: a 15-year follow-up evaluation in a community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:941–944PubMed Daeppen JB, Smith TL, Schuckit MA (1998) Influence of age and body mass index on gamma-glutamyltransferase activity: a 15-year follow-up evaluation in a community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:941–944PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H et al (2006) Age-related changes on serum GGT activity and the assessment of ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 41:522–527PubMed Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H et al (2006) Age-related changes on serum GGT activity and the assessment of ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 41:522–527PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell H, Tallaksen C, Sjaheim T et al (1993) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol consumption in patients with chronic liver diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:246–252PubMedCrossRef Bell H, Tallaksen C, Sjaheim T et al (1993) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol consumption in patients with chronic liver diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:246–252PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I et al (2005) Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 100:1477–1486PubMedCrossRef Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I et al (2005) Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 100:1477–1486PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Yersin B, Nicolet JF, Decrey H et al (1995) Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Arch Intern Med 155:1907–1911PubMedCrossRef Yersin B, Nicolet JF, Decrey H et al (1995) Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Arch Intern Med 155:1907–1911PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield JB et al (2002) CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:332–339 Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield JB et al (2002) CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:332–339
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Niemelä O (2006) Comparison of the combined marker GGT-CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 41:528–533PubMed Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Niemelä O (2006) Comparison of the combined marker GGT-CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 41:528–533PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Kempter C, Seidl S, Alt A (1999) Ethyl glucuronide – a marker of recent alcohol consumption and a relapse marker with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol Alcohol 34:71–77PubMed Wurst FM, Kempter C, Seidl S, Alt A (1999) Ethyl glucuronide – a marker of recent alcohol consumption and a relapse marker with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol Alcohol 34:71–77PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Arndt T (2003) Asialotransferrin – an alternative to carbohydrate-deficient transferring? Clin Chem 49:1022–1023PubMedCrossRef Arndt T (2003) Asialotransferrin – an alternative to carbohydrate-deficient transferring? Clin Chem 49:1022–1023PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Eriksson G, Stibler H, Jeppsson JO (2001) Interference of transferrin isoform types with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin quantification in the identification of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 47:1225–1233PubMed Helander A, Eriksson G, Stibler H, Jeppsson JO (2001) Interference of transferrin isoform types with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin quantification in the identification of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 47:1225–1233PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Legros FJ, Nuyens V, Minet E et al (2002) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin isoforms measured by capillary zone electrophoresis for detection of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 48:2177–2186PubMed Legros FJ, Nuyens V, Minet E et al (2002) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin isoforms measured by capillary zone electrophoresis for detection of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 48:2177–2186PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Pascali JP et al (2005) Analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: comparative evaluation of turbidimetric immunoassay, capillary zone electrophoresis, and HPLC. Clin Chem 51:2368–2371PubMedCrossRef Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Pascali JP et al (2005) Analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: comparative evaluation of turbidimetric immunoassay, capillary zone electrophoresis, and HPLC. Clin Chem 51:2368–2371PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Wielders JP, Te SR, Bergström JP (2005) Comparison of HPLC and capillary electrophoresis for confirmatory testing of the alcohol misuse marker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Clin Chem 51:1528–1531PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Wielders JP, Te SR, Bergström JP (2005) Comparison of HPLC and capillary electrophoresis for confirmatory testing of the alcohol misuse marker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Clin Chem 51:1528–1531PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Keating J, Cheung C, Peters TJ, Sherwood RA (1998) Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in the assessment of alcohol misuse: absolute or relative measurements? A comparison of two methods with regard to total transferrin concentration. Clin Chim Acta 272:159–169PubMedCrossRef Keating J, Cheung C, Peters TJ, Sherwood RA (1998) Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in the assessment of alcohol misuse: absolute or relative measurements? A comparison of two methods with regard to total transferrin concentration. Clin Chim Acta 272:159–169PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F (2006) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001–2005. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 841:96–109PubMedCrossRef Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F (2006) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001–2005. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 841:96–109PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Löf K, Lindros K, Seppä K et al (1996) The effect of ethanol or hepatotoxin exposure on rat transferrin desialylation. Alcohol Alcohol 31:445–451PubMed Löf K, Lindros K, Seppä K et al (1996) The effect of ethanol or hepatotoxin exposure on rat transferrin desialylation. Alcohol Alcohol 31:445–451PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Stibler H (1991) Carbohydrate-deficient transferring in serum: a new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed. Clin Chem 37:2029–2037PubMed Stibler H (1991) Carbohydrate-deficient transferring in serum: a new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed. Clin Chem 37:2029–2037PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Arndt T (2001) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse: a critical review of preanalysis, analysis, and interpretation. Clin Chem 47:13–27PubMed Arndt T (2001) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse: a critical review of preanalysis, analysis, and interpretation. Clin Chem 47:13–27PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sillanaukee P, Strid N, Allen JP, Litten RZ (2001) Possible reasons why heavy drinking increases carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:34–40PubMedCrossRef Sillanaukee P, Strid N, Allen JP, Litten RZ (2001) Possible reasons why heavy drinking increases carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:34–40PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Xin Y, Lasker JM, Lieber CS (1995) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: mechanism of increase after chronic alcohol intake. Hepatology 22:1462–1468PubMed Xin Y, Lasker JM, Lieber CS (1995) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: mechanism of increase after chronic alcohol intake. Hepatology 22:1462–1468PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB, Sillanaukee P (2000) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, γ-glutamyltransferase, and macrocytic volume as biomarkers of alcohol problems in women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:492–496PubMed Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB, Sillanaukee P (2000) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, γ-glutamyltransferase, and macrocytic volume as biomarkers of alcohol problems in women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:492–496PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Murawaki Y, Sugisaki H, Yuasa I, Kawasaki H (1997) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease and with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 259:97–108PubMedCrossRef Murawaki Y, Sugisaki H, Yuasa I, Kawasaki H (1997) Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease and with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 259:97–108PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Stauber RE, Stepan V, Trauner M et al (1995) Evaluation of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin for detection of alcohol abuse in patients with liver dysfunction. Alcohol Alcohol 30:171–176PubMed Stauber RE, Stepan V, Trauner M et al (1995) Evaluation of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin for detection of alcohol abuse in patients with liver dysfunction. Alcohol Alcohol 30:171–176PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleming MF, Anton RF, Spies CD (2004) A review of genetic, biological, pharmacological, and clinical factors that affect carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:1347–1355PubMedCrossRef Fleming MF, Anton RF, Spies CD (2004) A review of genetic, biological, pharmacological, and clinical factors that affect carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:1347–1355PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosman AS, Lieber CS (1990) Biochemical markers of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Health Res World 14:208–218 Rosman AS, Lieber CS (1990) Biochemical markers of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Health Res World 14:208–218
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Salaspuro M (1994) Biological state markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Health Res World 18:131–139 Salaspuro M (1994) Biological state markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Health Res World 18:131–139
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernandez-Munoz R, Baraona E, Blacksberg I, Lieber CS (1989) Characterization of the increased bindings of acetaldehyde to red blood cells in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:654–659PubMedCrossRef Hernandez-Munoz R, Baraona E, Blacksberg I, Lieber CS (1989) Characterization of the increased bindings of acetaldehyde to red blood cells in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:654–659PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Latvala J, Parkkila S, Melkko J, Niemelä O (2001) Acetaldehyde adducts in blood and bone marrow of patients with ethanol-induced erythrocyte abnormalities. Mod Med 7:401–405 Latvala J, Parkkila S, Melkko J, Niemelä O (2001) Acetaldehyde adducts in blood and bone marrow of patients with ethanol-induced erythrocyte abnormalities. Mod Med 7:401–405
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemelä O, Parkkila S (2004) Alcoholic macrocytosis – is there a role for acetaldehyde and adducts? Addict Biol 9:3–10PubMedCrossRef Niemelä O, Parkkila S (2004) Alcoholic macrocytosis – is there a role for acetaldehyde and adducts? Addict Biol 9:3–10PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Peterson CM, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Schmid-Formby F (1988) Rapid association of acetaldehyde with haemoglobin in human volunteers after low dose ethanol. Alcohol 5:371–374PubMedCrossRef Peterson CM, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Schmid-Formby F (1988) Rapid association of acetaldehyde with haemoglobin in human volunteers after low dose ethanol. Alcohol 5:371–374PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Tyulina OV, Prokopieva VD, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P (2006) Erythrocyte and plasma protein modification in alcoholism: a possible role of acetaldehyde. Biochim Biophys Acta 1762:558–563PubMed Tyulina OV, Prokopieva VD, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P (2006) Erythrocyte and plasma protein modification in alcoholism: a possible role of acetaldehyde. Biochim Biophys Acta 1762:558–563PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Koivisto H, Hietala J, Anttila P et al (2006) Long-term ethanol consumption and macrocytosis: diagnostic and pathogenetic implications. J Lab Clin Med 147:191–196PubMedCrossRef Koivisto H, Hietala J, Anttila P et al (2006) Long-term ethanol consumption and macrocytosis: diagnostic and pathogenetic implications. J Lab Clin Med 147:191–196PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchholtz U (1993) Blutmethanol als Alkoholismusmarker. Blutalkohol 30:43–51PubMed Buchholtz U (1993) Blutmethanol als Alkoholismusmarker. Blutalkohol 30:43–51PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Iffland R, Balling MP, Börsch G et al (1994) Zur Wertung erhöhter Spiegel von GGT, CDT, Methanol, Aceton und Isopropanol im Blut alkoholauffälliger Kraftfahrer. Blutalkohol 31:273–314PubMed Iffland R, Balling MP, Börsch G et al (1994) Zur Wertung erhöhter Spiegel von GGT, CDT, Methanol, Aceton und Isopropanol im Blut alkoholauffälliger Kraftfahrer. Blutalkohol 31:273–314PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmitt G, Aderjan R (2000) Abstinenzkontrolle durch Überprüfung des Ethanolstoffwechsels (Ethylglucuronid). In: Aderjan R (Hrsg) Marker missbräuchlichen Alkoholkonsums. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 69–81 Schmitt G, Aderjan R (2000) Abstinenzkontrolle durch Überprüfung des Ethanolstoffwechsels (Ethylglucuronid). In: Aderjan R (Hrsg) Marker missbräuchlichen Alkoholkonsums. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 69–81
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Mani JC, Pietruszko R, Theorell H (1970) Methanol activity of alcohol dehydrogenases from human liver, horse liver, and yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 140:52–59PubMedCrossRef Mani JC, Pietruszko R, Theorell H (1970) Methanol activity of alcohol dehydrogenases from human liver, horse liver, and yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 140:52–59PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilg T, Meyer L von, Liebhardt E (1987) Zur Bildung und Akkumulation von endogenem Methanol unter Äthanolbelastung. Blutalkohol 24:321–332PubMed Gilg T, Meyer L von, Liebhardt E (1987) Zur Bildung und Akkumulation von endogenem Methanol unter Äthanolbelastung. Blutalkohol 24:321–332PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Iffland R (2000) Zur Analyse des Alkoholmissbrauchs in der Forensik. In: Aderjan R (Hrsg) Marker missbräuchlichen Alkoholkonsums. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 44–56 Iffland R (2000) Zur Analyse des Alkoholmissbrauchs in der Forensik. In: Aderjan R (Hrsg) Marker missbräuchlichen Alkoholkonsums. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 44–56
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Aradottir S, Moller K, Alling C (2004) Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood. Alcohol Alcohol 39:8–13PubMed Aradottir S, Moller K, Alling C (2004) Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood. Alcohol Alcohol 39:8–13PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Tolonen A, Letho TM, Hannuksela ML, Savolainen MJ (2005) A method for determination of phosphatidylethanol from high density lipoproteins by reversed-phase HPLC with TOF-MS detection. Anal Biochem 341:83–88PubMedCrossRef Tolonen A, Letho TM, Hannuksela ML, Savolainen MJ (2005) A method for determination of phosphatidylethanol from high density lipoproteins by reversed-phase HPLC with TOF-MS detection. Anal Biochem 341:83–88PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Varga A, Alling C (2002) Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med 140:79–83PubMed Varga A, Alling C (2002) Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med 140:79–83PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Varga A, Nilsson S (2008) Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for analysis of the ethanol consumption biomarker phosphatidylethanol. Electrophoresis 329:1667–1671CrossRef Varga A, Nilsson S (2008) Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for analysis of the ethanol consumption biomarker phosphatidylethanol. Electrophoresis 329:1667–1671CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Yon C, Han JS (2000) Analysis of trimethyl derivatization products of phosphatidylethanol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exp Mol Med 32:243–245PubMed Yon C, Han JS (2000) Analysis of trimethyl derivatization products of phosphatidylethanol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exp Mol Med 32:243–245PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Varga A, Hansson P, Johnson G, Alling C (2000) Normalization rate and cellular localization of phosphatidylethanol in whole blood from chronic alcoholics. Clin Chim Acta 299:141–150PubMedCrossRef Varga A, Hansson P, Johnson G, Alling C (2000) Normalization rate and cellular localization of phosphatidylethanol in whole blood from chronic alcoholics. Clin Chim Acta 299:141–150PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Alexson S, Wolfersdorf M et al (2004) Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self-reported ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 39:33–38PubMed Wurst FM, Alexson S, Wolfersdorf M et al (2004) Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self-reported ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 39:33–38PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mallach HJ (1966) Über den Verlauf von Blutalkoholkurven nach Biergenuß. Blutalkohol 3:308–319 Mallach HJ (1966) Über den Verlauf von Blutalkoholkurven nach Biergenuß. Blutalkohol 3:308–319
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Wille R, Steigleder E (1966) Zur Frage der Rückrechnungen von niedrigen Blutalkoholkonzentrationen. Blutalkohol 3:419–435 Wille R, Steigleder E (1966) Zur Frage der Rückrechnungen von niedrigen Blutalkoholkonzentrationen. Blutalkohol 3:419–435
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones AW (2006) Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship. Toxicol Rev 25:15–35PubMedCrossRef Jones AW (2006) Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship. Toxicol Rev 25:15–35PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Criteria Committee, National Council on Alcoholism (1972) Criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism. Ann Intern Med 77:249–258 Criteria Committee, National Council on Alcoholism (1972) Criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism. Ann Intern Med 77:249–258
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Salaspuro M (1986) Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholism and heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10 (6 Suppl):5–12CrossRef Salaspuro M (1986) Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholism and heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10 (6 Suppl):5–12CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Diczfalusy MA, Bjorkhelm I, Einarsson C et al (2001) Characterization of enzymes involved in formation of ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids in humans. J Lipid Res 42:1025–1032PubMed Diczfalusy MA, Bjorkhelm I, Einarsson C et al (2001) Characterization of enzymes involved in formation of ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids in humans. J Lipid Res 42:1025–1032PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Savolainen MJ (2002) Effect of alcohol on lipids and lipoproteins in relation to atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 39:225–283PubMedCrossRef Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Savolainen MJ (2002) Effect of alcohol on lipids and lipoproteins in relation to atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 39:225–283PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Auwärter V, Sporkert F, Spiegel K (2001) Analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as possible markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forensic Sci Int 121:76–88PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Auwärter V, Sporkert F, Spiegel K (2001) Analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as possible markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forensic Sci Int 121:76–88PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Borucki K, Dierkes J, Wartberg J et al (2007) In heavy drinkers, fatty acid ethyl esters remain elevated for up to 99 hours. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:423–427PubMedCrossRef Borucki K, Dierkes J, Wartberg J et al (2007) In heavy drinkers, fatty acid ethyl esters remain elevated for up to 99 hours. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:423–427PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Doyle KM, Cluette-Brown JE, Dube MM et al (1996) Fatty acid ethyl esters in the blood as markers for ethanol intake. JAMA 276:1152–1156PubMedCrossRef Doyle KM, Cluette-Brown JE, Dube MM et al (1996) Fatty acid ethyl esters in the blood as markers for ethanol intake. JAMA 276:1152–1156PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartwig S, Auwärter V, Pragst F (2003) Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int 131:90–97PubMedCrossRef Hartwig S, Auwärter V, Pragst F (2003) Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int 131:90–97PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Auwärter V, Kiessling B, Dyes C (2004) Wipe-test and patch-test for alcohol misuse based on the concentration ratio of fatty acid ethyl esters and squalene CFAEE/CSQ in skin surface lipids. Forensic Sci Int 143:77–86PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Auwärter V, Kiessling B, Dyes C (2004) Wipe-test and patch-test for alcohol misuse based on the concentration ratio of fatty acid ethyl esters and squalene CFAEE/CSQ in skin surface lipids. Forensic Sci Int 143:77–86PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Yegles M (2008) Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair: a promising way for retrospective detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit 30:255–263PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Yegles M (2008) Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair: a promising way for retrospective detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit 30:255–263PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck O, Helander A (2003) 5-Hydroxytryptophol as a marker for recent alcohol intake. Addiction 98 (Suppl 2):63–72PubMedCrossRef Beck O, Helander A (2003) 5-Hydroxytryptophol as a marker for recent alcohol intake. Addiction 98 (Suppl 2):63–72PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O, Jacobsson G et al (1992) Characterization of elevated urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol as a marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:607 Helander A, Beck O, Jacobsson G et al (1992) Characterization of elevated urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol as a marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:607
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Borucki K, Schreiner R, Dierkes J et al (2005) Detection of recent ethanol intake with new markers: comparison of fatty acid ethyl esters in serum and of ethyl glucuronide and the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in urine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:781–787PubMedCrossRef Borucki K, Schreiner R, Dierkes J et al (2005) Detection of recent ethanol intake with new markers: comparison of fatty acid ethyl esters in serum and of ethyl glucuronide and the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in urine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:781–787PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O, Borg S (1994) The use of 5-hydroxytryptophol as an alcohol intake marker. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2:497–502PubMed Helander A, Beck O, Borg S (1994) The use of 5-hydroxytryptophol as an alcohol intake marker. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2:497–502PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O, Jacobsson G et al (1993) Time course of ethanol-induced changes in serotonin metabolism. Life Sci 53:847–855PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Beck O, Jacobsson G et al (1993) Time course of ethanol-induced changes in serotonin metabolism. Life Sci 53:847–855PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Wikström T, Löwenmo C et al (1992) Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophol after oral loading with serotonin. Life Sci 50:1207–1213PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Wikström T, Löwenmo C et al (1992) Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophol after oral loading with serotonin. Life Sci 50:1207–1213PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O, Jones AW (1996) Laboratory testing for recent alcohol consumption: comparison of ethanol, methanol, and 5-hydroxytryptophol. Clin Chem 42:618–624PubMed Helander A, Beck O, Jones AW (1996) Laboratory testing for recent alcohol consumption: comparison of ethanol, methanol, and 5-hydroxytryptophol. Clin Chem 42:618–624PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O, Borg S (1997) 5-Hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), a new sensitive urinary test of recent alcohol consumption. In: Mercier-Guyon C (Hrsg) Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Society, Annecy, S 223–228 Helander A, Beck O, Borg S (1997) 5-Hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), a new sensitive urinary test of recent alcohol consumption. In: Mercier-Guyon C (Hrsg) Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Society, Annecy, S 223–228
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Sillanaukee P (1996) Laboratory markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 31:613–616PubMed Sillanaukee P (1996) Laboratory markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 31:613–616PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT (1952) A new aspect of ethanol metabolism: isolation of ethyl glucuronide. Biochem J 51:32–33 Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT (1952) A new aspect of ethanol metabolism: isolation of ethyl glucuronide. Biochem J 51:32–33
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl H, Stephanson N, Beck O, Helander A (2002) Comparison of urinary excretion characteristics of ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. J Anal Toxicol 26:201–204PubMed Dahl H, Stephanson N, Beck O, Helander A (2002) Comparison of urinary excretion characteristics of ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. J Anal Toxicol 26:201–204PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Bock KW (2003) Vertebrate UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: functional and evolutionary aspects. Biochem Pharmacol 66:691–696PubMedCrossRef Bock KW (2003) Vertebrate UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: functional and evolutionary aspects. Biochem Pharmacol 66:691–696PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Foti RS, Fisher MB (2005) Assessment of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of ethyl glucuronide in human liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs. Forensic Sci Int 153:109–116PubMedCrossRef Foti RS, Fisher MB (2005) Assessment of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of ethyl glucuronide in human liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs. Forensic Sci Int 153:109–116PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Halter CC, Dresen S, Auwärter V et al (2008) Kinetics in serum and urinary excretion of ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide after medium dose ethanol intake. Int J Legal Med 122:123–128PubMedCrossRef Halter CC, Dresen S, Auwärter V et al (2008) Kinetics in serum and urinary excretion of ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide after medium dose ethanol intake. Int J Legal Med 122:123–128PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmitt G, Droenner P, Skopp G, Aderjan R (1997) Ethyl glucuronide concentration in serum of human volunteers, teetotallers and suspected drinking drivers. J Forensic Sci 42:1099–1102PubMed Schmitt G, Droenner P, Skopp G, Aderjan R (1997) Ethyl glucuronide concentration in serum of human volunteers, teetotallers and suspected drinking drivers. J Forensic Sci 42:1099–1102PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmitt G, Drönner P, Aderjan R, Skopp G (1997) Blutprobe mit 1,44‰ Ethanol enthielt kein Ethylglucuronid – Fallbericht. Blutalkohol 34:371–378 Schmitt G, Drönner P, Aderjan R, Skopp G (1997) Blutprobe mit 1,44‰ Ethanol enthielt kein Ethylglucuronid – Fallbericht. Blutalkohol 34:371–378
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R et al (2007) A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 172:119–124PubMedCrossRef Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R et al (2007) A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 172:119–124PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Droenner P, Schmitt G, Aderjan R, Zimmer H (2002) A kinetic model describing the pharmacokinetics of ethyl glucuronide in humans. Forensic Sci Int 126:24–29PubMedCrossRef Droenner P, Schmitt G, Aderjan R, Zimmer H (2002) A kinetic model describing the pharmacokinetics of ethyl glucuronide in humans. Forensic Sci Int 126:24–29PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Alt A, Wurst FM, Seidl S (1997) Bestimmung von Ethylglucuronid in Urinproben mit dem internen Standard d5-Ethylglucuronid. Blutalkohol 34:360–365 Alt A, Wurst FM, Seidl S (1997) Bestimmung von Ethylglucuronid in Urinproben mit dem internen Standard d5-Ethylglucuronid. Blutalkohol 34:360–365
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C et al (2009) Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol 44:55–61PubMed Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C et al (2009) Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol 44:55–61PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Seidl S, Ladewig D et al (2002) Ethyl glucuronide: on the time course of excretion in urine during detoxification. Addict Biol 7:427–434PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Seidl S, Ladewig D et al (2002) Ethyl glucuronide: on the time course of excretion in urine during detoxification. Addict Biol 7:427–434PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Appenzeller BMR, Agirman R, Neuberg P et al (2007) Segmental determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 173:87–92PubMedCrossRef Appenzeller BMR, Agirman R, Neuberg P et al (2007) Segmental determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 173:87–92PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Bendroth P, Kronstrand R, Helander A et al (2008) Comparison of ethyl glucuronide in hair with phosphatidylethanol in whole blood as post-mortem markers of alcohol abuse. Forensic Sci Int 176:76–81PubMed Bendroth P, Kronstrand R, Helander A et al (2008) Comparison of ethyl glucuronide in hair with phosphatidylethanol in whole blood as post-mortem markers of alcohol abuse. Forensic Sci Int 176:76–81PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 370:17–49PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 370:17–49PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Skopp G, Schmitt G, Pötsch L et al (2000) Ethyl glucuronide in human hair. Alcohol Alcohol 35:283–285PubMed Skopp G, Schmitt G, Pötsch L et al (2000) Ethyl glucuronide in human hair. Alcohol Alcohol 35:283–285PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Alt A, Janda I, Seidl S, Wurst FM (2000) Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples. Alcohol Alcohol 35:313–314PubMed Alt A, Janda I, Seidl S, Wurst FM (2000) Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples. Alcohol Alcohol 35:313–314PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Janda I, Weinmann W, Kuehnle T et al (2002) Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by SPE and LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 128:59–65PubMedCrossRef Janda I, Weinmann W, Kuehnle T et al (2002) Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by SPE and LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 128:59–65PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Yegles M, Labarthe A, Auwärter V et al (2004) Comparison of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations in hair of alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotallers. Forensic Sci Int 145:167–173PubMedCrossRef Yegles M, Labarthe A, Auwärter V et al (2004) Comparison of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations in hair of alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotallers. Forensic Sci Int 145:167–173PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Spiegel K, Sporkert F, Bohnenkamp M (2000) Are there possibilities for the detection of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by hair analysis? A report about the state of investigation. Forensic Sci Int 107:201–223PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Spiegel K, Sporkert F, Bohnenkamp M (2000) Are there possibilities for the detection of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by hair analysis? A report about the state of investigation. Forensic Sci Int 107:201–223PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Yegles M, Alling C et al (2008) Measurement of direct ethanol metabolites in a case of a former driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol offender, now claiming abstinence. Int J Legal Med 122:235–239PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Yegles M, Alling C et al (2008) Measurement of direct ethanol metabolites in a case of a former driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol offender, now claiming abstinence. Int J Legal Med 122:235–239PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Politi L, Zucchella A, Morini L et al (2007) Markers of chronic alcohol use in hair: comparison of ethyl glucuronide and cocaethylene in cocaine users. Forensic Sci Int 172:23–27PubMedCrossRef Politi L, Zucchella A, Morini L et al (2007) Markers of chronic alcohol use in hair: comparison of ethyl glucuronide and cocaethylene in cocaine users. Forensic Sci Int 172:23–27PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Politi L, Morini L, Leone F, Polettini A (2006) Ethyl glucuronide in hair: is it a reliable marker of chronic high levels of alcohol consumption? Addiction 101:1408–1412PubMedCrossRef Politi L, Morini L, Leone F, Polettini A (2006) Ethyl glucuronide in hair: is it a reliable marker of chronic high levels of alcohol consumption? Addiction 101:1408–1412PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Appenzeller BMR, Schuman M, Yegles M, Wennig R (2007) Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair is not influenced by pigmentation. Alcohol Alcohol 42:326–327PubMed Appenzeller BMR, Schuman M, Yegles M, Wennig R (2007) Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair is not influenced by pigmentation. Alcohol Alcohol 42:326–327PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Kintz P, Villain M, Vallet E et al (2008) Ethyl glucuronide: unusual distribution between head hair and pubic hair. Forensic Sci Int 176:87–90PubMedCrossRef Kintz P, Villain M, Vallet E et al (2008) Ethyl glucuronide: unusual distribution between head hair and pubic hair. Forensic Sci Int 176:87–90PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Erim Y, Böttcher M, Dahmen U et al (2007) Urinary ethyl glucuronide testing detects alcohol consumption in alcoholic liver disease patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:757–761PubMedCrossRef Erim Y, Böttcher M, Dahmen U et al (2007) Urinary ethyl glucuronide testing detects alcohol consumption in alcoholic liver disease patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:757–761PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidl S, Wurst FM, Alt A (1998) Überprüfung einer Abstinenzbehauptung in der Fahreignungs. Oberbegutachtung mit Hilfe des Ethanolmetaboliten Ethylglucuronid (EtG). Blutalkohol 35:174–182 Seidl S, Wurst FM, Alt A (1998) Überprüfung einer Abstinenzbehauptung in der Fahreignungs. Oberbegutachtung mit Hilfe des Ethanolmetaboliten Ethylglucuronid (EtG). Blutalkohol 35:174–182
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidl S, Wurst FM, Alt A (2001) Ethyl glucuronide – a biomarker for recent alcohol consumption. Addict Biol 6:205–212PubMedCrossRef Seidl S, Wurst FM, Alt A (2001) Ethyl glucuronide – a biomarker for recent alcohol consumption. Addict Biol 6:205–212PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Seidl S, Sachs H et al (1995) Ethyl glucuronide – evaluation of a new marker of alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 30:560 Wurst FM, Seidl S, Sachs H et al (1995) Ethyl glucuronide – evaluation of a new marker of alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 30:560
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Seidl S, Alt A (1998) Ethylglukuronid – Evaluation eines Single-relapse markers. Nervenarzt 69:84 Wurst FM, Seidl S, Alt A (1998) Ethylglukuronid – Evaluation eines Single-relapse markers. Nervenarzt 69:84
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Kempter C, Metzger J et al (2000) Ethyl glucuronide: a marker of recent alcohol consumption with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol 20:111–116PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Kempter C, Metzger J et al (2000) Ethyl glucuronide: a marker of recent alcohol consumption with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol 20:111–116PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Metzger J, WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence Investigators (2002) The ethanol conjugate ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:1114–1119PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Metzger J, WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence Investigators (2002) The ethanol conjugate ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:1114–1119PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Skipper GE, Weinmann W (2003) Ethyl glucuronide – the direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use. Addiction 98 (Suppl 2):51–61PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Skipper GE, Weinmann W (2003) Ethyl glucuronide – the direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use. Addiction 98 (Suppl 2):51–61PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Olsson I, Dahl H (2007) Postcollection synthesis of ethyl glucuronide by bacteria in urine may cause false identification of alcohol consumption. Clin Chem 53:1855–1857PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Olsson I, Dahl H (2007) Postcollection synthesis of ethyl glucuronide by bacteria in urine may cause false identification of alcohol consumption. Clin Chem 53:1855–1857PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones AW, Hylen L, Svensson E, Helander A (1999) Storage of specimens at 4 degrees C or addition of sodium fluoride (1%) prevents formation of ethanol in urine inoculated with Candida albicans. J Anal Toxicol 23:333–336PubMed Jones AW, Hylen L, Svensson E, Helander A (1999) Storage of specimens at 4 degrees C or addition of sodium fluoride (1%) prevents formation of ethanol in urine inoculated with Candida albicans. J Anal Toxicol 23:333–336PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones AW, Eklund A, Helander A (2000) Misleading results of ethanol analysis in urine specimens from rape victims suffering from diabetes. J Clin Forensic Med 7:144–146PubMedCrossRef Jones AW, Eklund A, Helander A (2000) Misleading results of ethanol analysis in urine specimens from rape victims suffering from diabetes. J Clin Forensic Med 7:144–146PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Saady JJ, Poklis A, Dalton HP (1993) Production of urinary ethanol after sample collection. J Forensic Sci 38:1467–1471PubMed Saady JJ, Poklis A, Dalton HP (1993) Production of urinary ethanol after sample collection. J Forensic Sci 38:1467–1471PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Sulkowski HA, Wu AH, McCarter YS (1995) In-vitro-production of ethanol in urine by fermentation. J Forensic Sci 40:990–993PubMed Sulkowski HA, Wu AH, McCarter YS (1995) In-vitro-production of ethanol in urine by fermentation. J Forensic Sci 40:990–993PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer O (2007) Comments on „The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethylglucuronide concentration in urine“. J Anal Toxicol 31:294–295PubMed Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer O (2007) Comments on „The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethylglucuronide concentration in urine“. J Anal Toxicol 31:294–295PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Costantino A, Digregorio EJ, Korn W et al (2006) The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethyl glucuronide concentration in urine. J Anal Toxicol 30:659–662PubMed Costantino A, Digregorio EJ, Korn W et al (2006) The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethyl glucuronide concentration in urine. J Anal Toxicol 30:659–662PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohrig TP, Huber C, Goodson L, Ross W (2006) Detection of ethyl glucuronide in urine following the application of Germ-X. J Anal Toxicol 30:703–704PubMed Rohrig TP, Huber C, Goodson L, Ross W (2006) Detection of ethyl glucuronide in urine following the application of Germ-X. J Anal Toxicol 30:703–704PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosano TG, Lin J (2008) Ethyl glucuronide excretion in humans following oral administration of and dermal exposure to ethanol. J Anal Toxicol 32:594–600PubMed Rosano TG, Lin J (2008) Ethyl glucuronide excretion in humans following oral administration of and dermal exposure to ethanol. J Anal Toxicol 32:594–600PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Dahl H (2005) Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulphate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem 51:1728–1730PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Dahl H (2005) Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulphate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem 51:1728–1730PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Høiseth G, Karinen R, Johnsen L et al (2008) Disappearance of ethyl glucuronide during heavy putrefaction. Forensic Sci Int 176:147–151PubMedCrossRef Høiseth G, Karinen R, Johnsen L et al (2008) Disappearance of ethyl glucuronide during heavy putrefaction. Forensic Sci Int 176:147–151PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Böttcher M, Beck O, Helander A (2008) Evaluation of a new immunoassay for urinary ethyl glucuronide testing. Alcohol Alcohol 43:46–48PubMed Böttcher M, Beck O, Helander A (2008) Evaluation of a new immunoassay for urinary ethyl glucuronide testing. Alcohol Alcohol 43:46–48PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmer H, Schmitt G, Aderjan R (2002) Preliminary immunochemical test for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in serum and urine: comparison of screening method results with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 26:11–16PubMed Zimmer H, Schmitt G, Aderjan R (2002) Preliminary immunochemical test for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in serum and urine: comparison of screening method results with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 26:11–16PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlini EJ, Raftogianis RB, Wood TC et al (2001) Sulfation pharmacogenetics: SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 allele frequencies in Caucasians, Chinese and African-American subjects. Pharmacogenetics 11:57–68PubMedCrossRef Carlini EJ, Raftogianis RB, Wood TC et al (2001) Sulfation pharmacogenetics: SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 allele frequencies in Caucasians, Chinese and African-American subjects. Pharmacogenetics 11:57–68PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Daly AK (2003) Pharmacogenetics of the major polymorphic metabolizing enzymes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17:27–41PubMedCrossRef Daly AK (2003) Pharmacogenetics of the major polymorphic metabolizing enzymes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17:27–41PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider H, Glatt H (2004) Sulpho-conjugation of ethanol in humans in vivo and by individual sulphotransferase forms in vitro. Biochem J 383:549 Schneider H, Glatt H (2004) Sulpho-conjugation of ethanol in humans in vivo and by individual sulphotransferase forms in vitro. Biochem J 383:549
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomae BA, Rifki OF, Theobald MA et al (2003) Human catecholamine sulfotransferase (SULT1A3) pharmacogenetics: functional genetic polymorphism. J Neurochem 87:809–819PubMedCrossRef Thomae BA, Rifki OF, Theobald MA et al (2003) Human catecholamine sulfotransferase (SULT1A3) pharmacogenetics: functional genetic polymorphism. J Neurochem 87:809–819PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Dresen S, Allen JP et al (2006) Ethyl sulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption. Addiction 101:204–211PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Dresen S, Allen JP et al (2006) Ethyl sulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption. Addiction 101:204–211PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Dresen S, Weinmann W, Wurst FM (2004) Forensic confirmatory analysis of ethyl sulphate – a new marker for alcohol consumption – by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1644–1648PubMedCrossRef Dresen S, Weinmann W, Wurst FM (2004) Forensic confirmatory analysis of ethyl sulphate – a new marker for alcohol consumption – by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1644–1648PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Beck O (2005) Ethyl sulphate: a metabolite of ethanol in humans and a potential biomarker of acute alcohol intake. J Anal Toxicol 29:270–274PubMed Helander A, Beck O (2005) Ethyl sulphate: a metabolite of ethanol in humans and a potential biomarker of acute alcohol intake. J Anal Toxicol 29:270–274PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Halter CC, Laengin A, Al-Ahmad A et al (2009) Assessment of the stability of the ethanol metabolite ethyl sulphate in standardised degradation test. Forensic Sci Int 186:52–55PubMedCrossRef Halter CC, Laengin A, Al-Ahmad A et al (2009) Assessment of the stability of the ethanol metabolite ethyl sulphate in standardised degradation test. Forensic Sci Int 186:52–55PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Alkoholkonsummarker
verfasst von
Dr. A. Thierauf
M. Große Perdekamp
W. Weinmann
V. Auwärter
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Rechtsmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 0937-9819
Elektronische ISSN: 1434-5196
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00194-010-0729-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Rechtsmedizin 1/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Einführung zum Thema

Forensische Altersdiagnostik

Der besondere Fall im Bild

Ungeplant komplexer Suizid

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Open Access Biomarker Leitthema

Um auch an kleinen Gewebeproben zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten ist eine strenge Qualitätskontrolle in jedem Schritt des Arbeitsablaufs erforderlich. Eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Prüfung oder Behandlung des …

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Pathologie Leitthema

Die vergleichende experimentelle Pathologie („comparative experimental pathology“) ist ein Fachbereich an der Schnittstelle von Human- und Veterinärmedizin. Sie widmet sich der vergleichenden Erforschung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von …

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Open Access GIST CME-Artikel

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren (GIST) stellen seit über 20 Jahren ein Paradigma für die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren dar. Eine elementare Voraussetzung für eine mögliche neoadjuvante oder adjuvante Behandlung bei …

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie

Aufgrund des erheblichen technologischen Fortschritts in der molekularen und genetischen Diagnostik sowie zunehmender Erkenntnisse über die molekulare Pathogenese von Krankheiten hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ein grundlegender …