Background
Methods
Subjects and Screening
Variable | Trained Men (n = 7) | Untrained Men (n = 5) | Trained Women (n = 7) | Untrained Women (n = 6) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | 31.1 ± 5.8 | 32.2 ± 9.9 | 26.0 ± 9.1 | 28.8 ± 4.6 |
Height (cm)* | 181.8 ± 9.4 | 176.8 ± 9.3 | 165.8 ± 6.7 | 164.3 ± 1.7 |
Weight (kg)* | 82.1 ± 10.0 | 85.4 ± 8.5 | 61.4 ± 11.6 | 60.4 ± 5.2 |
BMI (kg·m-2)* | 24.8 ± 2.2 | 27.3 ± 3.0 | 22.2 ± 2.7 | 22.3 ± 2.0 |
Body fat (%)†* | 11.2 ± 5.5 | 17.5 ± 5.4 | 18.7 ± 5.6 | 23.8 ± 5.7 |
Waist (cm)* | 84.8 ± 5.0 | 89.7 ± 9.4 | 68.8 ± 4.6 | 70.6 ± 3.7 |
Hip (cm)* | 102.6 ± 6.0 | 104.2 ± 4.7 | 95.9 ± 7.6 | 96.3 ± 4.9 |
Waist:Hip* | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.71 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.03 |
Resting HR (bpm) | 57.1 ± 6.7 | 62.6 ± 8.6 | 60.0 ± 14.4 | 71.5 ± 10.1 |
Resting SBP (mmHg)* | 121.1 ± 9.6 | 125.6 ± 12.1 | 114.7 ± 4.1 | 112.3 ± 7.6 |
Resting DBP (mmHg)* | 80.3 ± 8.3 | 85.6 ± 5.4 | 72.6 ± 6.4 | 77.0 ± 3.7 |
Years Anaerobic Exercise† | 10.1 ± 3.7 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 9.8 | 0.5 ± 0.8 |
Hours per week Anaerobic Exercise† | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
Years Aerobic Exercise† | 9.1 ± 9.7 | 2.6 ± 4.4 | 4.1 ± 3.7 | 1.6 ± 5.2 |
Hours per week Aerobic Exercise† | 4.0 ± 3.9 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 0.6 ± 0.6 |
Measurements
Graded Exercise Test
Supplementation
SF-12 Questionnaire
Blood Sampling
Biochemistry: Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Variables
Dietary Intake and Physical Activity
Statistical Analysis
Results
Overview and Compliance
A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Trained Men Placebo Pre | Trained Men Placebo Post | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Untrained Men Placebo Pre | Untrained Men Placebo Post |
% Capsule Compliance† | NA | 91.9 ± 5.5 | NA | 98.6 ± 1.1 | NA | 88.6 ± 5.5 | NA | 89.8 ± 7.0 |
Physical Health† | 55.4 ± 2.5 | 56.7 ± 1.1 | 57.9 ± 1.2 | 56.9 ± 0.8 | 51.2 ± 4.6 | 48.4 ± 3.5 | 54.0 ± 1.2 | 55.0 ± 1.6 |
Mental Health** | 55.3 ± 1.7 | 54.7 ± 2.3 | 55.1 ± 2.7 | 55.1 ± 1.9 | 48.5 ± 6.5 | 52.4 ± 5.3 | 49.2 ± 3.8 | 49.4 ± 3.6 |
Exercise Time (sec)†* | NA | 1252 ± 45 | NA | 1275 ± 47 | NA | 956 ± 65 | NA | 989 ± 88 |
B | ||||||||
Variable
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Trained Women Placebo Pre
|
Trained Women Placebo Post
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Untrained Women Placebo Pre
|
Untrained Women Placebo Post
|
% Capsule Compliance† | NA | 96.3 ± 1.3 | NA | 93.2 ± 2.6 | NA | 82.5 ± 8.7 | NA | 89.8 ± 5.5 |
Physical Health† | 56.6 ± 1.0 | 55.3 ± 1.8 | 57.9 ± 1.7 | 56.3 ± 2.3 | 54.7 ± 1.3 | 54.7 ± 2.1 | 54.2 ± 2.4 | 53.7 ± 1.6 |
Mental Health** | 50.3 ± 2.6 | 49.9 ± 2.5 | 49.7 ± 3.0 | 51.6 ± 3.0 | 54.0 ± 2.2 | 53.2 ± 3.8 | 51.4 ± 2.1 | 53.7 ± 1.5 |
Exercise Time (sec)†* | NA | 1062 ± 59 | NA | 1064 ± 66 | NA | 839 ± 80 | NA | 853 ± 76 |
SF-12 Data
Exercise Test Data
Complete Blood Count, Metabolic Panel, Lipid Panel Data
A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Trained Men Placebo Pre | Trained Men Placebo Post | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Untrained Men Placebo Pre | Untrained Men Placebo Post |
WBC (103 μL)† | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.5 |
RBC (106 μL)* | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.2 |
Hemoglobin (g·dL-1)* | 14.7 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.5 | 14.8 ± 0.4 | 14.6 ± 0.3 | 14.8 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 0.6 | 14.4 ± 0.4 |
Hematocrit (%)†* | 43.3 ± 0.8 | 41.8 ± 1.1 | 43.5 ± 1.0 | 42.3 ± 0.5 | 43.0 ± 1.0 | 41.9 ± 1.2 | 42.2 ± 2.0 | 41.2 ± 1.3 |
MCV (fL)** | 88.7 ± 2.2 | 89.0 ± 2.5 | 88.3 ± 2.3 | 88.3 ± 2.2 | 91.2 ± 2.6 | 90.8 ± 2.3 | 91.6 ± 2.2 | 91.0 ± 2.5 |
MCH (pg)** | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 30.5 ± 1.0 | 29.9 ± 1.0 | 30.3 ± 0.9 | 31.4 ± 1.0 | 31.7 ± 1.0 | 31.7 ± 1.0 | 31.9 ± 1.1 |
MCHC (g·dL-1)** | 34.0 ± 0.4 | 34.2 ± 0.2 | 33.9 ± 0.4 | 34.4 ± 0.4 | 34.5 ± 0.4 | 34.9 ± 0.3 | 34.5 ± 0.3 | 35.0 ± 0.4 |
RDW (%)** | 13.8 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 |
Platelets (103 μL)* | 208.0 ± 16.7 | 204.0 ± 13.9 | 214.4 ± 16.1 | 211.4 ± 21.7 | 217.6 ± 20.4 | 203.2 ± 21.0 | 208.0 ± 24.5 | 209.6 ± 24.3 |
Neutrophils (%) | 51.1 ± 4.5 | 50.0 ± 3.4 | 52.7 ± 4.9 | 51.0 ± 4.6 | 54.2 ± 2.6 | 58.0 ± 4.6 | 52.8 ± 2.1 | 53.6 ± 3.6 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 36.0 ± 3.8 | 37.4 ± 3.2 | 36.0 ± 4.4 | 36.4 ± 4.3 | 32.6 ± 2.1 | 30.2 ± 4.1 | 34.2 ± 1.3 | 33.5 ± 2.9 |
Monocytes (%)† | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 0.9 |
Eosinophils (%)* | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 5.3 ± 1.8 |
Basophils (%) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
B | ||||||||
Variable
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Trained Women Placebo Pre
|
Trained Women Placebo Post
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Untrained Women Placebo Pre
|
Untrained Women Placebo Post
|
WBC (103 μL)† | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.8 |
RBC (106 μL)* | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 |
Hemoglobin (g·dL-1)* | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 12.1 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 12.4 ± 0.6 |
Hematocrit (%)†* | 38.8 ± 1.0 | 37.1 ± 0.9 | 38.6 ± 0.4 | 37.9 ± 0.6 | 36.9 ± 0.8 | 35.0 ± 0.8 | 36.6 ± 1.4 | 36.5 ± 1.5 |
MCV (fL)** | 91.9 ± 1.7 | 91.4 ± 1.8 | 91.4 ± 2.0 | 90.8 ± 2.0 | 87.1 ± 1.2 | 85.8 ± 0.7 | 86.5 ± 0.9 | 86.2 ± 0.9 |
MCH (pg)** | 31.7 ± 0.7 | 31.6 ± 0.7 | 31.1 ± 0.7 | 31.5 ± 0.7 | 29.6 ± 0.4 | 29.7 ± 0.4 | 29.0 ± 0.4 | 29.3 ± 0.6 |
MCHC (g·dL-1)** | 34.6 ± 0.2 | 34.6 ± 0.2 | 34.1 ± 0.2 | 34.7 ± 0.2 | 33.9 ± 0.2 | 34.6 ± 0.3 | 33.6 ± 0.2 | 33.9 ± 0.4 |
RDW (%)** | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.5 | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 13.7 ± 0.6 | 13.7 ± 0.6 |
Platelets (103 μL)* | 234.3 ± 20.0 | 229.1 ± 17.1 | 246.1 ± 23.6 | 236.1 ± 18.8 | 256.9 ± 29.9 | 259.2 ± 25.4 | 254.8 ± 35.6 | 267.0 ± 34.2 |
Neutrophils (%) | 54.1 ± 5.5 | 56.3 ± 4.8 | 57.7 ± 4.7 | 58.8 ± 3.9 | 57.3 ± 3.5 | 56.0 ± 2.0 | 53.8 ± 3.2 | 58.3 ± 3.4 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 34.3 ± 4.9 | 31.0 ± 4.0 | 30.6 ± 4.4 | 29.3 ± 3.2 | 34.3 ± 3.5 | 35.8 ± 1.8 | 36.5 ± 2.6 | 32.5 ± 3.0 |
Monocytes (%)† | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.8 |
Eosinophils (%)* | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.5 |
Basophils (%) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Trained Men Placebo Pre | Trained Men Placebo Post | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Untrained Men Placebo Pre | Untrained Men Placebo Post |
Glucose (mg·dL-1)** | 84.3 ± 3.8 | 87.0 ± 4.6 | 87.4 ± 3.6 | 83.9 ± 2.3 | 90.4 ± 3.4 | 95.8 ± 5.4 | 99.6 ± 9.0 | 96.2 ± 9.1 |
BUN (mg·dL-1)†* | 16.9 ± 1.9 | 16.7 ± 1.0 | 16.7 ± 1.6 | 17.9 ± 1.8 | 15.0 ± 2.3 | 15.8 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 1.0 | 13.4 ± 1.2 |
Creatinine (mg·dL-1)†* | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
BUN/Creatinine | 15.6 ± 2.0 | 15.4 ± 1.4 | 14.6 ± 1.3 | 16.0 ± 1.7 | 15.4 ± 3.2 | 16.2 ± 3.7 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.4 |
Sodium (mmol·L-1) | 138.4 ± 0.3 | 139.9 ± 0.6 | 139.3 ± 0.6 | 138.3 ± 0.8 | 137.2 ± 0.4 | 137.4 ± 0.6 | 138.8 ± 1.1 | 137.6 ± 1.3 |
Potassium (mmol·L-1) | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
Chloride (mmol·L-1)* | 102.0 ± 0.4 | 103.1 ± 0.3 | 101.7 ± 0.9 | 101.9 ± 0.5 | 101.6 ± 0.9 | 101.6 ± 0.8 | 102.6 ± 1.4 | 102.2 ± 1.3 |
CO2 (mmol·L-1)* | 26.7 ± 0.7 | 26.9 ± 0.6 | 26.7 ± 0.5 | 26.4 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 0.7 | 24.8 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 0.7 | 25.4 ± 0.5 |
Calcium (mg·dL-1)* | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 |
Protein (g·dL-1)†* | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.2 |
Albumin (g·dL-1) | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.0 | 4.1 ± 0.1 |
Globulin (g·dL-1)†* | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 |
A/G Ratio†* | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
Bilirubin (mg·dL-1)** | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
Alk Phos (IU·L-1)* | 71.7 ± 6.7 | 71.6 ± 6.7 | 75.3 ± 6.7 | 73.4 ± 6.2 | 68.2 ± 9.6 | 68.0 ± 9.0 | 69.0 ± 8.9 | 65.6 ± 10.3 |
AST (SGOT) (IU·L-1)** | 25.6 ± 1.8 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 27.1 ± 2.9 | 25.0 ± 1.6 | 25.2 ± 2.9 | 30.8 ± 3.5 | 30.6 ± 3.6 | 30.6 ± 4.3 |
ALT (SGPT) (IU·L-1)** | 23.7 ± 2.1 | 26.0 ± 3.0 | 26.4 ± 3.2 | 27.1 ± 4.4 | 25.6 ± 7.0 | 33.2 ± 11.8 | 39.4 ± 11.9 | 33.0 ± 7.7 |
B | ||||||||
Variable
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Trained Women Placebo Pre
|
Trained Women Placebo Post
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Untrained Women Placebo Pre
|
Untrained Women Placebo Post
|
Glucose (mg·dL-1)** | 86.1 ± 3.3 | 86.7 ± 1.9 | 88.1 ± 2.5 | 97.1 ± 10.3 | 84.6 ± 1.9 | 84.8 ± 2.5 | 86.0 ± 1.6 | 82.8 ± 2.7 |
BUN (mg·dL-1)†* | 14.9 ± 1.9 | 15.7 ± 1.9 | 15.6 ± 2.2 | 17.1 ± 2.2 | 11.0 ± 1.3 | 11.2 ± 1.4 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 12.5 ± 2.1 |
Creatinine (mg·dL-1)†* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 |
BUN/Creatinine | 15.4 ± 2.1 | 16.6 ± 2.2 | 16.7 ± 2.7 | 19.1 ± 2.9 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 14.5 ± 2.3 | 15.2 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.9 |
Sodium (mmol·L-1) | 138.9 ± 0.7 | 138.4 ± 0.8 | 139.0 ± 0.9 | 138.0 ± 0.6 | 139.3 ± 0.8 | 138.3 ± 0.9 | 139.0 ± 0.9 | 138.3 ± 0.6 |
Potassium (mmol·L-1) | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 |
Chloride (mmol·L-1)* | 103.1 ± 0.5 | 103.4 ± 0.8 | 103.6 ± 0.8 | 103.4 ± 1.0 | 102.6 ± 1.2 | 103.0 ± 0.9 | 103.7 ± 0.6 | 103.0 ± 0.5 |
CO2 (mmol·L-1)* | 23.7 ± 0.8 | 24.4 ± 1.2 | 25.1 ± 1.0 | 24.4 ± 0.5 | 24.1 ± 1.1 | 24.0 ± 0.4 | 24.0 ± 0.3 | 24.0 ± 0.4 |
Calcium (mg·dL-1)* | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.5 ± 0.1 |
Protein (g·dL-1)†* | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.2 |
Albumin (g·dL-1) | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 |
Globulin (g·dL-1)†* | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 |
A/G Ratio†* | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
Bilirubin (mg·dL-1)** | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Alk Phos (IU·L-1)* | 55.4 ± 6.5 | 51.9 ± 5.1 | 56.0 ± 4.5 | 49.6 ± 4.6 | 53.1 ± 6.9 | 53.7 ± 5.2 | 56.2 ± 6.8 | 58.3 ± 7.8 |
AST (SGOT) (IU·L-1)** | 25.4 ± 2.8 | 29.3 ± 5.8 | 20.3 ± 2.1 | 23.3 ± 1.1 | 19.6 ± 2.5 | 18.8 ± 1.6 | 21.3 ± 1.7 | 23.2 ± 3.2 |
ALT (SGPT) (IU·L-1)** | 22.1 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 4.7 | 19.9 ± 2.4 | 19.1 ± 1.5 | 16.3 ± 3.6 | 13.7 ± 2.2 | 14.0 ± 1.2 | 18.8 ± 3.8 |
A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Trained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Trained Men Placebo Pre | Trained Men Placebo Post | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Pre | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO® Post | Untrained Men Placebo Pre | Untrained Men Placebo Post |
Cholesterol (mg·dL-1)† | 155.7 ± 9.7 | 149.0 ± 5.4 | 160.7 ± 12.1 | 159.9 ± 9.6 | 173.0 ± 13.6 | 169.8 ± 16.4 | 171.2 ± 13.6 | 173.6 ± 16.1 |
Triglycerides (mg·dL-1)* | 82.3 ± 11.6 | 93.6 ± 16.4 | 98.7 ± 17.7 | 95.3 ± 14.5 | 103.6 ± 31.6 | 80.2 ± 16.8 | 69.2 ± 10.6 | 94.0 ± 32.3 |
HDL-C (mg·dL-1)* | 44.7 ± 2.9 | 45.1 ± 3.5 | 45.2 ± 3.0 | 47.0 ± 3.6 | 51.2 ± 6.1 | 53.0 ± 3.8 | 51.8 ± 4.0 | 46.2 ± 5.7 |
VLDL-C (mg·dL-1)* | 16.6 ± 2.3 | 18.6 ± 3.2 | 19.7 ± 3.5 | 19.1 ± 2.8 | 20.8 ± 6.4 | 16.0 ± 3.4 | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 18.8 ± 6.5 |
LDL-C (mg·dL-1)†* | 94.4 ± 8.5 | 85.3 ± 3.9 | 95.6 ± 9.8 | 93.7 ± 8.0 | 101.0 ± 13.2 | 100.8 ± 15.4 | 105.4 ± 13.7 | 108.6 ± 16.2 |
LDL/HDL* | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.7 |
B | ||||||||
Variable
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Trained Women Placebo Pre
|
Trained Women Placebo Post
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Pre
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
Post
|
Untrained Women Placebo Pre
|
Untrained Women Placebo Post
|
Cholesterol (mg·dL-1)† | 153.0 ± 5.8 | 146.7 ± 12.6 | 160.0 ± 14.2 | 154.7 ± 11.4 | 169.7 ± 9.4 | 167.7 ± 10.1 | 174.0 ± 6.4 | 175.3 ± 7.3 |
Triglycerides (mg·dL-1)* | 56.0 ± 6.9 | 52.1 ± 6.1 | 69.1 ± 11.2 | 66.3 ± 10.5 | 66.0 ± 8.6 | 70.3 ± 20.6 | 63.0 ± 11.4 | 71.5 ± 20.8 |
HDL-C (mg·dL-1)* | 65.1 ± 4.3 | 63.1 ± 6.7 | 65.1 ± 7.6 | 61.7 ± 6.7 | 60.9 ± 3.5 | 62.8 ± 5.6 | 64.3 ± 6.1 | 69.2 ± 6.3 |
VLDL-C (mg·dL-1)* | 11.3 ± 1.4 | 10.4 ± 1.2 | 14.0 ± 2.3 | 13.3 ± 2.2 | 13.1 ± 1.8 | 14.0 ± 4.1 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | 14.2 ± 4.1 |
LDL-C (mg·dL-1)†* | 76.6 ± 5.5 | 73.1 ± 6.1 | 80.9 ± 6.9 | 79.7 ± 6.4 | 95.7 ± 9.0 | 90.8 ± 9.3 | 96.8 ± 7.9 | 92.0 ± 8.7 |
LDL/HDL* | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
Dietary Data
A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Trained Men Ambrotose AO®
| Trained Men Placebo | Untrained Men Ambrotose AO®
| Untrained Men Placebo |
Kilocalories** | 2463 ± 68 | 2764 ± 202 | 1958 ± 373 | 1880 ± 331 |
Protein (g)†* | 107 ± 9 | 123 ± 8 | 88 ± 20 | 98 ± 29 |
Carbohydrate (g)** | 329 ± 22 | 362 ± 35 | 234 ± 58 | 197 ± 55 |
Fat (g)* | 85 ± 8 | 94 ± 11 | 64 ± 12 | 68 ± 9 |
Vitamin C (mg)†* | 253 ± 108 | 193 ± 48 | 83 ± 38 | 90 ± 31 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 7 ± 2 | 8 ± 1 | 16 ± 13 | 9 ± 4 |
Vitamin A (RE)* | 10499 ± 3377 | 7488 ± 1847 | 4894 ± 1068 | 8030 ± 2768 |
B | ||||
Variable
|
Trained Women Ambrotose AO
®
|
Trained Women Placebo
|
Untrained Women Ambrotose AO
®
|
Untrained Women Placebo
|
Kilocalories** | 1589 ± 99 | 1368 ± 143 | 1289 ± 153 | 1478 ± 179 |
Protein (g)†* | 89 ± 16 | 79 ± 17 | 54 ± 9 | 66 ± 9 |
Carbohydrate (g)** | 177 ± 21 | 156 ± 19 | 160 ± 16 | 176 ± 13 |
Fat (g)* | 55 ± 5 | 44 ± 4 | 48 ± 10 | 58 ± 13 |
Vitamin C (mg)†* | 89 ± 31 | 58 ± 13 | 39 ± 11 | 64 ± 14 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 6 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 | 3 ± 1 | 4 ± 2 |
Vitamin A (RE)* | 4118 ± 926 | 5494 ± 1685 | 2561 ± 652 | 2440 ± 537 |