Background
Methods
US sample of young adults
US sample symptom assessments
DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses | US sample N (%) | Hu sample N (%) |
---|---|---|
Major Depression* | 23 (23.2) | 79 (58.1) |
Bipolar Disorder | 7 (7.1) | 50 (36.8) |
Schizophrenia | 0 (0) | 4 (2.9) |
Schizoaffective Disorder | 0 (0) | 3 (2.2) |
Anxiety Disorder | 40 (40.4) | 85 (62.5) |
Substance Abuse | 38 (38.4) | 12 (8.8) |
Psychotic symptoms | 24 (24.2) | 76 (55.9) |
Hungarian patient sample
Genotyping and genotype grouping
BPD trait (N = 99) | APD trait (N = 98) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 or 1
|
2 or more
|
0 or 1
|
2 or more
| ||||||||
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
p
|
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
p
| ||
COMT
| Met/Met | 12 | (15.2) | 4 | (20.0) | 12 | (16.7) | 4 | (15.4) | ||
Met/Val | 38 | (48.1) | 7 | (35.0) | 0.572 | 30 | (41.7) | 14 | (53.8) | 0.539 | |
Val/Val | 29 | (36.7) | 9 | (45.0) | 30 | (41.7) | 8 | (30.8) | |||
DAT1
| 9/9 | 9 | (11.5) | 1 | (5.0) | 8 | (11.3) | 2 | (7.7) | ||
40 bp | one 9 | 25 | (32.1) | 7 | (35.0) | 0.689 | 25 | (35.2) | 7 | (26.9) | 0.576 |
VNTR | no 9 | 44 | (56.4) | 12 | (60.0) | 38 | (53.5) | 17 | (65.4) | ||
DRD2
| B1/B1 | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (5.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (3.8) | ||
TaqIB | B1/B2 | 15 | (19.5) | 11 | (55.0) |
0.001
| 17 | (24.3) | 9 | (34.6) | 0.137 |
B2/B2 | 62 | (80.5) | 8 | (40.0) | 53 | (75.7) | 16 | (61.5) | |||
B1+ | 15 | (19.5) | 12 | (60.0) | 17 | (24.3) | 10 | (38.5) | |||
B1- | 62 | (80.5) | 8 | (40.0) |
0.0003
| 53 | (75.7) | 16 | (61.5) | 0.170 | |
TaqID | C/C | 22 | (28.6) | 5 | (25.0) | 21 | (30.0) | 6 | (23.1) | ||
C/T | 32 | (41.6) | 12 | (60.0) | 0.276 | 27 | (38.6) | 17 | (65.4) |
0.046
| |
T/T | 23 | (29.9) | 3 | (15.0) | 22 | (31.4) | 3 | (11.5) | |||
TaqIA | A1/A1 | 3 | (3.8) | 3 | (15.0) | 4 | (5.6) | 2 | (7.7) | ||
A1/A2 | 26 | (32.9) | 12 | (60.0) |
0.005
| 25 | (34.7) | 13 | (50.0) | ||
A2/A2 | 50 | (63.3) | 5 | (25.0) | 43 | (59.7) | 11 | (42.3) | 0.310 | ||
A1+ | 29 | (36.7) | 15 | (75.0) | 29 | (40.3) | 15 | (57.7) | |||
A1- | 50 | (63.3) | 5 | (25.0) |
0.002
| 43 | (59.7) | 11 | (42.3) | 0.126 | |
DRD4
| 1/1 | 4 | (5.1) | 1 | (5.0) | 3 | (4.2) | 2 | (7.7) | ||
120 bp | 1/2 | 26 | (32.9) | 9 | (45.0) | 0.592 | 26 | (36.1) | 9 | (34.6) | 0.782 |
dup | 2/2 | 49 | (62.0) | 10 | (50.0) | 43 | (59.7) | 15 | (57.7) | ||
-616 | C/C | 14 | (17.7) | 9 | (45.0) | 14 | (19.4) | 9 | (34.6) | ||
C/G | 41 | (51.9) | 9 | (45.0) |
0.020
| 39 | (54.2) | 11 | (42.3) | 0.289 | |
G/G | 24 | (30.4) | 2 | (10.0) | 19 | (26.4) | 6 | (23.1) | |||
C/C | 14 | (17.7) | 9 | (45.0) | 14 | (19.4) | 9 | (34.6) | |||
C/G + G/G | 65 | (82.3) | 11 | (55.0) |
0.010
| 58 | (80.6) | 17 | (65.4) | 0.118 | |
-521 | C/C | 10 | (12.7) | 3 | (15.0) | 11 | (15.3) | 2 | (7.7) | ||
C/T | 46 | (58.2) | 6 | (30.0) | 0.061 | 42 | (58.3) | 10 | (38.5) |
0.038
| |
T/T | 23 | (29.1) | 11 | (55.0) | 19 | (26.4) | 14 | (53.8) | |||
C/C + C/T | 56 | (70.9) | 9 | (45.0) | 53 | (73.6) | 12 | (46.2) | |||
T/T | 23 | (29.1) | 11 | (55.0) |
0.029
| 19 | (26.4) | 14 | (53.8) |
0.011
| |
48 bp | 7/7 | 2 | (2.5) | 2 | (10.0) | 3 | (4.2) | 1 | (3.8) | ||
VNTR | one 7 | 20 | (25.3) | 5 | (25.0) | 0.314 | 17 | (23.6) | 8 | (30.8) | 0.773 |
no 7 | 57 | (72.2) | 13 | (65.0) | 52 | (72.2) | 17 | (65.4) |
Genotype | N | BPD score ± STD | F | df | p | η2 | power | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COMT
| Met/Met | 34 | 4.79 ± 2.54 | 0.367 | 2,131 | 0.694 | 0.006 | 0.108 |
Met/Val | 70 | 4.71 ± 2.29 | ||||||
Val/Val | 32 | 5.16 ± 2.57 | ||||||
DAT1
| 9/9 | 11 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | 0.120 | 2,131 | 0.887 | 0.002 | 0.068 |
40 bp | 9/10 | 48 | 4.75 ± 2.74 | 0.082 | 1,132 | 0.775 | 0.001 | 0.059 |
VNTR | 10/10* | 77 | 4.92 ± 2.13 | |||||
DRD2
| B1/B1 | 3 | 3.33 ± 3.22 | 1.712 | 2,131 | 0.184 | 0.025 | 0.355 |
TaqIB | B1/B2 | 37 | 5.38 ± 2.31 | 1.518 | 1,132 | 0.220 | 0.011 | 0.231 |
B2/B2 | 96 | 4.68 ± 2.40 | ||||||
TaqID | C/C | 27 | 4.30 ± 2.54 | 1.490 | 2,131 | 0.229 | 0.022 | 0.313 |
C/T | 59 | 5.31 ± 2.28 | ||||||
T/T | 50 | 4.58 ± 2.43 | ||||||
TaqIA | A1/A1 | 4 | 3.75 ± 2.75 | 0.460 | 2,131 | 0.632 | 0.007 | 0.124 |
A1/A2 | 41 | 4.90 ± 2.56 | 0.001 | 1,132 | 0.970 | 0 | 0.050 | |
A2/A2 | 91 | 4.86 ± 2.34 | ||||||
DRD4
| 1/1 | 4 | 3.25 ± 2.06 | 1.611 | 2,131 | 0.204 | 0.024 | 0.336 |
120 bp | 1/2 | 40 | 5.18 ± 2.18 | 1.604 | 1,132 | 0.208 | 0.012 | 0.242 |
dup | 2/2 | 92 | 4.76 ± 2.50 | |||||
-616 | C/C | 44 | 5.48 ± 2.45 | 5.146 | 2,131 |
0.007
| 0.073 | 0.818 |
C/G | 56 | 4.80 ± 2.36 | 8.152 | 1,132 |
0.005
| 0.058 | 0.809 | |
G/G | 36 | 4.11 ± 2.27 | ||||||
-521 | C/C | 34 | 5.00 ± 2.54 | 0.463 | 2,131 | 0.630 | 0.007 | 0.124 |
C/T | 65 | 4.62 ± 2.38 | 0.354 | 1,132 | 0.553 | 0.003 | 0.091 | |
T/T | 37 | 5.08 ± 2.37 | ||||||
48 bp | 7/7 | 3 | 5.67 ± 1.53 | 0.282 | 2,131 | 0.754 | 0.004 | 0.094 |
VNTR | one 7 | 35 | 4.77 ± 2.38 | 0.134 | 1,132 | 0.715 | 0.001 | 0.065 |
no 7 | 98 | 4.84 ± 2.45 | ||||||
Haplotype | 0 | 68 | 4.40 ± 2.34 | 3.602 | 2,131 |
0.030
| 0.052 | 0.658 |
-616 C ~ | 1 | 50 | 5.14 ± 2.46 | 6.969 | 1,132 |
0.009
| 0.050 | 0.746 |
-521 T | 2 | 18 | 5.67 ± 2.30 |
Statistical analyses
Results
Association analyses among at-risk US young adults
Total sample (N = 99) | Caucasians (N = 66) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
p
|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
p
| |
DRD2 TaqIB
| ||||||
gender | 1.91 | (0.61 - 5.97) | 0.268 | 1.96 | (0.47 - 8.20) | 0.358 |
abuse | 1.74 | (1.15 - 2.61) | 0.008 | 1.76 | (1.08 - 2.89) | 0.025 |
3 genetic groups
|
6.80
|
(2.14 - 21.57)
|
0.001
|
10.84
|
(2.56 - 45.90)
|
0.001
|
gender | 1.97 | (0.63 - 6.15) | 0.241 | 2.05 | (0.50 - 8.51) | 0.322 |
abuse | 1.76 | (1.17 - 2.65) | 0.006 | 1.80 | (1.10 - 2.93) | 0.018 |
2 genetic groups
|
7.00
|
(2.18 - 22.46)
|
0.001
|
11.20
|
(2.62 - 47.86)
|
0.001
|
DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA
| ||||||
Gender | 2.25 | (0.75 - 6.76) | 0.148 | 2.39 | (0.62 - 9.22) | 0.207 |
Abuse | 1.59 | (1.08 - 2.34) | 0.019 | 1.59 | (1.01 - 2.52) | 0.048 |
3 genetic groups
|
3.27
|
(1.36 - 7.83)
|
0.008
|
3.70
|
(1.28 - 10.69)
|
0.016
|
Gender | 2.25 | (0.75 - 6.74) | 0.147 | 2.71 | (0.69 - 10.66) | 0.154 |
Abuse | 1.61 | (1.10 - 2.37) | 0.015 | 1.67 | (1.05 - 2.65) | 0.031 |
2 genetic groups
|
4.91
|
(1.54 - 15.64)
|
0.007
|
7.44
|
(1.91 - 28.98)
|
0.004
|
DRD4 -616 C/G
| ||||||
Gender | 1.90 | (0.60 - 6.01) | 0.274 | 1.92 | (0.46 - 8.00) | 0.371 |
Abuse | 2.12 | (1.36 - 3.31) | 0.001 | 2.16 | (1.28 - 3.65) | 0.004 |
3 genetic groups
|
4.64
|
(1.75 - 12.30)
|
0.002
|
5.40
|
(1.66 - 17.57)
|
0.005
|
Gender | 1.64 | (0.53 - 5.13) | 0.392 | 1.85 | (0.46 - 7.53) | 0.390 |
abuse | 2.06 | (1.31 - 3.22) | 0.002 | 2.04 | (1.23 - 3.40) | 0.006 |
2 genetic groups
|
7.65
|
(1.92 - 30.53)
|
0.004
|
7.98
|
(1.69 - 37.72)
|
0.009
|
DRD4 -521 C/T
| ||||||
gender | 2.08 | (0.70 - 6.12) | 0.185 | 2.70 | (0.73 - 9.95) | 0.137 |
abuse | 1.66 | (1.14 - 2.43) | 0.008 | 1.76 | (1.12 - 2.78) | 0.015 |
3 genetic groups
|
1.50
|
(0.63 - 3.56)
|
0.359
|
1.89
|
(0.66 - 5.38)
|
0.235
|
gender | 1.92 | (0.64 - 5.71) | 0.244 | 2.82 | (0.73 - 10.87) | 0.131 |
abuse | 1.70 | (1.15 - 2.51) | 0.008 | 1.85 | (1.14 - 3.00) | 0.013 |
2 genetic groups
|
2.67
|
(0.90 - 7.90)
|
0.077
|
3.50
|
(0.96 - 12.72)
|
0.057
|