Background
Methods
Recruitment
Testing
Organism load and serovars
Management of participants
Data collection
Statistical methods
Results
Characteristics of sample
Prevalence estimates and associations
Variable | Participants' characteristics N (%) | Chlamydia Prevalence (95%CIb) (no.c positive/no. total women) | UORd (95% CI) | AORe (95% CI) | MG Prevalence (95% CI) (no. positive/no. total cases) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agea (median age) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 ( 0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | |||
Country of birth | |||||||
Not Australian born | 121 (11.5) | 1.7 (0.4, 6.7) (2/121) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.7 (0.5, 5.2) (2/120) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Australian born | 934 (88.5) | 5.4 (3.5, 8.1) (50/934) | 3.4 (0.7, 16.6) | 3.1 (0.6, 14.7) | 2.6 (1.5, 3.7) (24/929) | 1.6 (0.4, 6.2) | 1.4 (0.3, 5.9) |
Indigenous status | |||||||
Not indigenous | 1059 (97.7) | 4.8 (3.2, 7.3) (51/1059) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.4 (1.4, 3.4) (25/1059) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Indigenous | 25 (2.3) | 4.0 (0.5, 27.2) (1/25) | 0.8 (0.1, 6.0) | 1.0 (0.1,8.0) | 8.0 (2.4, 23.2) (2/25) | 3.6 (0.9, 13.5) | 4.5 (1.4, 14.9) |
Education | |||||||
up to year 12f
| 609 (56.1) | 5.9 (2.9, 8.9) (36/609) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.1 (1.8, 4.4) (19/604) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Tertiary | 477 (43.9) | 3.6 (1.4, 5.7) (17/477) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.7 (0.4, 2.9) (8/476) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) |
Employment | |||||||
Unemployed/Not working | 418 (38.5) | 4.8 (1.8, 7.8) (20/418) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.4 (0.7, 4.1) (10/416) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Employed | 668 (61.5) | 4.9 (2.7, 7.1) (33/668) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 2.5 (1.6, 3.5) (17/664) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
Clinic type | |||||||
GP | 738 (66.1) | 3.4 (1.5, 5.3) (25/738) | 1.0 | N/Ag
| 1.6 (0.7, 2.6) (12/735) | 1.0 | N/Ag
|
SHC/FP | 378 (33.9) | 7.9 (4.1, 11.8) (30/378) | 2.5 (1.2, 4.9) | 4.0 (2.7, 5.3) (15/375) | 2.5 (1.4, 4.6) | ||
No. partners last 12 months | |||||||
<2 | 553 (51.8) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.1) (7/553) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 (0.6, 2.3) (8/551) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2+ | 515 (48.2) | 8.5 (5.6, 11.5) (44/515) | 7.3 (4.3, 12.2) | 6.4 (3.6, 11.3) | 3.7 (2.1, 5.3) (19/511) | 2.6 (1.3, 5.3) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.6) |
Partners 12 months without condoms | |||||||
0 | 301 (29.0) | 3.0 (1.5, 6.1) (9/301) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 (0.0, 2.3) (1/299) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1-2 | 599 (57-8) | 4.3 (2.6, 6.6) (26/599) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) (15/595) | 7.7 (1.0, 62.4) | 7.2 (0.9, 57.6) |
3+ | 137 (13.2) | 10.9 (6.4, 18.0) (20/216) | 4.0 (1.6, 10.1) | 3.1 (1.0, 9.5) | 6.6 (3.7, 11.5) (9/137) | 20.9 (2.6, 167.3) | 16.6 (2.0, 138.0) |
Past history of Chlamydia diagnosis | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
No | 965 (89.4) | 4.2 (2.2, 6.3) (41/965) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.4 (1.4, 3.4) (23/960) | 1.5 (0.6, 4.0) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.6) |
Yes | 114 (10.6) | 9.6 (5.1, 14.2) (11/114) | 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 3.5 (0.3, 6.8) (4/113) | ||
Antibiotics in last 2 months | |||||||
No | 807 (74.0) | 5.7 (3.0, 8.4) (48/833) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) (21/802) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 283 (26.0) | 2.5 (0.5, 4.4) (7/283) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.5) (6/282) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.5) |
Symptoms in last month | Chlamydia % (95% CIa) (n/no. women) | UORb
(95% CI) | AORc
(95% CI) | MG % (95% CI) (n/no. women) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abnormal discharge | ||||||
No | 4.6 (2.9, 7.2) (40/840) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) (15/836) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 4.8 (2.9, 7.8) (12/249) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 4.0 (1.8, 6.2) (10/248) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.6) | 2.1 (1.1, 4.0) |
Abnormal vaginal odour | ||||||
No | 4.3 (2.8, 6.5) (40/902) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 (1.3, 3.2) (18/898) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 6.4 (3.0, 13.4) (12/187) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) | 3.8 (1.7, 8.0) (7/186) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.5) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.2) |
Burning when passing urine | ||||||
No | 4.3 (2.7, 6.6) (39/888) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.3 (1.6, 3.3) (20/883) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 6.5 (3.6, 11.4) (13/201) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.8) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.6) | 2.5 (1.2, 5.3) (5/201) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
Abdominal pain | ||||||
No | 4.6 (3.0, 6.9) (36/770) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 (1.2, 3.1) (15/762) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 5.0 (2.8, 8.8) (16/319) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) | 3.1 (1.8, 5.4) (10/318) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.4) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.3) |
Dyspareunia | ||||||
No | 5.1 (3.2, 7.9) (45/849) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) (18/860) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 3.2 (1.5, 6.8) (7/220) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) | 3.2 (1.6, 6.3) (7/220) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) |
Intramenstrual bleeding | ||||||
No | 4.8 (3.2, 7.3) (43/874) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 (1.3, 3.0) (17/865) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 4.2 (2.3, 7.5) (9/215) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 3.7 (1.8, 7.4) (8/215) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.6) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.4) |
Number of symptoms: | ||||||
0 | 4.1 (2.6, 6.4) (19/461) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) (6/456) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 5.0 (2.7, 9.0) (11/222) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 2.7 (1.4, 5.2) (6/222) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.6) | 2.0 (0.8, 5.2) |
2 | 6.4 (3.2, 12.2) (13/204) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) | 2.5 (0.1, 5.9) (5/204) | 1.9 (0.5, 7.0) | 1.8 (0.5, 6.4) |
3 | 5.3 (2.4, 11.2) (5/95) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 3.1) | 4.3xi (1.7, 9.9) (4/94) | 3.3 (0.9, 12.1) | 3.1 (0.8, 11.2) |
4 | 4.6 (1.6, 12.8) (3/65) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.8) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) | 1.5 (0.2, 10.8) (1/65) | 1.2 (0.1, 10.9) | 1.1 (0.1, 10.1) |
5 | 3.3 (0.5, 20.8) (1/30) | 0.8 (0.1, 6.4) | 0.7 (0.1, 4.9) | 10.0 (3.3, 26.5) (3/30) | 8.3 (2.1, 32.5) | 7.0 (1.9, 25.5) |
6 | 0.0 (0/11) | 0.0 (0/11) |
Infectious load and serovars
Nucleotide | Variant change | Genbank accession number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlamydia genotype | Frequency N (%) | Positiona
| Nucleotide | Amino acid | Reference strain | Reference | This study |
D | 2 (3.6) | - | - | - | D-IC-CAL8 | DQ06428 | HM230054 |
E | 27 (49.0) | - | - | - | E-Bour | X52557 | HM230055 |
E variantb
| 1 (1.8) | 372 | C > T | Silent (C) | E-Bour | X52557 | HM230056 |
F | 12 (21.8) | - | - | - | F-IC-Cal13 | X52080 | HM230057 |
G | 3 (5.5) | - | - | - | G-DK-K1 | AM90115 | HM230058 |
G variantc
| 2 (3.6) | 487; 1003 | A > G; T > G | S > G; S > A | G-DK-K1 | AM90115 | HM230059 |
Ia | 1 (1.8) | - | - | - | Ia-IU-TC0167ut | FJ26194 | HM230061 |
J | 1 (1.8) | - | - | - | J-UW-36 | DQ06429 | HM230062 |
K | 3 (5.5) | - | - | - | K-UW-31 | DQ06429 | HM230063 |
N/Ad
| 2 (3.6) | ||||||
Total
|
55
|