Abstract
We present a novel method for solid/fluid coupling that can treat infinitesimally thin solids modeled by a lower dimensional triangulated surface. Since classical solid/fluid coupling algorithms rasterize the solid body onto the fluid grid, an entirely new approach is required to treat thin objects that do not contain an interior region. Robust ray casting is used to augment a number of interpolation, finite difference and rendering techniques so that fluid does not leak through the triangulated surface. Moreover, we propose a technique for properly enforcing incompressibility so that fluid does not incorrectly compress (and appear to lose mass) near the triangulated surface. This allows for the robust interaction of cloth and shells with thin sheets of water. The proposed method works for both rigid body shells and for deformable manifolds such as cloth, and we present a two way coupling technique that allows the fluid's pressure to affect the solid. Examples illustrate that our method performs well, especially in the difficult case of water and cloth where it produces visually rich interactions between the particle level set method for treating the water/air interface and our newly proposed method for treating the solid/fluid interface. We have implemented the method on both uniform and adaptive octree grids.
Supplemental Material
- Baraff, D., and Witkin, A. 1998. Large steps in cloth simulation. In Proc. SIGGRAPH 98, 1--12. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Baraff, D., Witkin, A., and Kass, M. 2003. Untangling cloth. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22, 862--870. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Baraff, D. 1993. Issues in computing contact forces for non-penetrating rigid bodies. Algorithmica, 10, 292--352.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Baraff, D. 1994. Fast contact force computation for nonpenetrating rigid bodies. In Proc. SIGGRAPH 94, 23--34. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Benson, D. 1992. Computational methods in lagrangian and eulerian hydrocodes. Comput. Meth. in Appl. Mech. and Eng. 99, 235--394. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bridson, R., Fedkiw, R., and Anderson, J. 2002. Robust treatment of collisions, contact and friction for cloth animation. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 21, 594--603. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bridson, R., Marino, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2003. Simulation of clothing with folds and wrinkles. In Proc. of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symp. on Comput. Anim., 28--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carlson, M., Mucha, P. J., and Turk, G. 2004. Rigid fluid: Animating the interplay between rigid bodies and fluid. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 23, 377--384. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, J., and Lobo, N. 1994. Toward interactive-rate simulation of fluids with moving obstacles using the navier-stokes equations. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 57, 107--116. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Choi, K.-J., and Ko, H.-S. 2002. Stable but responsive cloth. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 21, 604--611. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cohen, J. M., and Molemaker, M. J. 2004. Practical simulation of surface tension flows. In SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches & Applications, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Enright, D., Marschner, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2002. Animation and rendering of complex water surfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 21, 3, 736--744. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Enright, D., Nguyen, D., Gibou, F., and Fedkiw, R. 2003. Using the particle level set method and a second order accurate pressure boundary condition for free surface flows. In Proc. 4th ASME-JSME Joint Fluids Eng. Conf., no. FEDSM2003-45144, ASME.Google Scholar
- Enright, D., Losasso, F., and Fedkiw, R. 2005. A fast and accurate semi-Lagrangian particle level set method. Computers and Structures 83, 479--490. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fattal, R., and Lischinski, D. 2004. Target-driven smoke animation. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 23, 441--448. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fedkiw, R., Stam, J., and Jensen, H. 2001. Visual simulation of smoke. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, 15--22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fedkiw, R. 2002. Coupling an Eulerian fluid calculation to a Lagrangian solid calculation with the ghost fluid method. J. Comput. Phys. 175, 200--224. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feldman, B. E., O'Brien, J. F., and Arikan, O. 2003. Animating suspended particle explosions. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22,3,708--715. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Foster, N., and Fedkiw, R. 2001. Practical animation of liquids. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, 23--30. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Foster, N., and Metaxas, D. 1996. Realistic animation of liquids. Graph. Models and Image Processing 58, 471--483. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Foster, N., and Metaxas, D. 1997. Controlling fluid animation. In Computer Graphics International 1997, 178--188. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Foster, N., and Metaxas, D. 1997. Modeling the motion of a hot, turbulent gas. In Proc. of SIGGRAPH 97, 181--188. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Génevaux, O., HABIBI, A., AND DISCHLER, J.-M. 2003. Simulating fluid-solid interaction. In Graphics Interface, 31--38.Google Scholar
- Goktekin, T. G., Bargteil. A. W., and O'Brien, J. F. 2004. A method for animating viscoelastic fluids. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 23. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Grinspun, E., Hirani, A., Desbrun, M., and Schroder, P. 2003. Discrete shells. In Proc. of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symp. on Comput. Anim., 62--67. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guendelman, E., Bridson, R., and Fedkiw, R. 2003. Nonconvex rigid bodies with stacking. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22, 3, 871--878. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hadap, S., and Magnenat-Thalmann, N. 2001. Modeling Dynamic Hair as a Continuum. Comput. Graph. Forum 20, 3.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hahn, J. K. 1988. Realistic animation of rigid bodies. Comput. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH 88) 22, 4,299--308. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hong, J.-M., and Kim, C.-H. 2003. Animation of bubbles in liquid. Comp. Graph. Forum (Eurographics Proc.) 22, 3, 253--262.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Houston, B., Wiebe, M., and Batty, C. 2004. Rle sparse level sets. In SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches & Applications, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Iversen, J., and Sakaguchi, R. 2004. Growing up with fluid simulation on "the day after tomorrow". In SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches & Applications, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kang, M., Fedkiw, R., and Liu, X.-D. 2000. A boundary condition capturing method for multiphase incompressible flow. J. Sci. Comput. 15, 323--360. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kass, M., and Miller, G. 1990. Rapid, stable fluid dynamics for computer graphics. In Computer Graphics (Proc. of SIGGRAPH 90), vol. 24, 49--57. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kondoh, N., Kunimatsu, A., and Sasagawa, S. 2004. Creating animations of fluids and cloth with moving characters. In SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches & Applications, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lamorlette, A., and Foster, N. 2002. Structural modeling of natural flames. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 21, 3, 729--735. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Li, Z., and Lai, M.-C. 2001. The immersed interface method for navier-stokes equations with singular forces. J. Comput. Phys. 171, 822--842. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ling, L., Damodaran, M., and Gay, K. 1996. Aerodynamic force models for animating cloth motion in air flow. In The Visual Computer, 84--104.Google Scholar
- Losasso, F., Gibou, F., and Fedkiw, R. 2004. Simulating water and smoke with an octree data structure. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.), 457--462. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McNamara, A., Treuille, A., Popović, Z., and Stam, J. 2004. Fluid control using the adjoint method. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mihalef, V., Metaxas, D., and Sussman, M. 2004. Animation and control of breaking waves. In Proc. of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symp. on Comput. Anim., 315--324. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Moore, M., and Wilhelms, J. 1988. Collision detection and response for computer animation. Comput. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH 88) 22, 4, 289--298. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Muller, M., Charypar, D., and Gross, M. 2003. Particle-based fluid simulation for interactive applications. In Proc. of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 154--159. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Muller, M., Schirm, S., Teschner, M., Heidelberger, B., and Gross, M. 2004. Interaction of fluids with deformable solids. J. Comput. Anim. and Virt. Worlds 15, 3--4 (July), 159--171. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nguyen, D., Fedkiw, R., and Jensen, H. 2002. Physically based modeling and animation of fire. In ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.), vol. 29, 721--728. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nixon, D., and Lobb, R. 2002. A fluid-based soft-object model. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 22, 4, 68--75. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Noh, W. 1964. CEL: A time-dependent, two-space-dimensional, coupled Eulerian-Lagrange code. Academic Press, New York, 117--179.Google Scholar
- Osher, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2002. Level Set Methods and Dynamic Implicit Surfaces. Springer-Verlag. New York, NY.Google Scholar
- Peskin, C. 1972. Flow patterns around heart valves: A numerical method. J. Comput. Phys. 10, 252--271.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peskin, C. 2002. The immersed boundary method. Acta Numerica 11, 479--517.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peyret, R., and Taylor, T. D. 1983. Computational methods for fluid flow. Springer-Verlag. New York.Google Scholar
- Premoze, S., Tasdizen, T., Bigler, J., Lefohn, A., and Whitaker, R. 2003. Particle-based simulation of fluids. In Comp. Graph. Forum (Eurographics Proc.), vol. 22, 401--410.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rasmussen, N., Nguyen, D., Geiger, W., and Fedkiw, R. 2003. Smoke simulation for large scale phenomena. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22, 703--707. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rasmussen, N., Enright, D., Nguyen, D., Marino, S., Sumner, N., Geiger, W., Hoon, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2004. Directible photorealistic liquids. In Proc. of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symp. on Comput. Anim., 193--202. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stam, J. 1999. Stable fluids. In Proc. of SIGGRAPH 99, 121--128. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stam, J. 2003. Flows on surfaces of arbitrary topology. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22, 724--731. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Treuille, A., McNamara, A., Popović, Z., and Stam, J. 2003. Keyframe control of smoke simulations. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Proc.) 22,3, 716--723. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wei, X., Zhao, Y., Fan, Z., Li, W., Yoakum-Stover, S., and Kaufman, A. 2003. Blowing in the wind. In Proc. of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 75--85. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wejchert, J., and Haumann, D. 1991. Animation Aerodynamics. Comput. Graph. 25, 4, 19--22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wiebe, M., and Houston, B. 2004. The tar monster: Creating a character with fluid simulation. In SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches & Applications, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yngve, G., O'Brien, J., and Hodgins, J. 2000. Animating explosions. In Proc. SIGGRAPH 2000, vol. 19, 29--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhu, L., and Peskin, C. 2002. Simulation of a flapping flexible filament in a flowing soap film by the immersed boundary method. J. Comput. Phys. 179, 452--468. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Coupling water and smoke to thin deformable and rigid shells
Recommendations
Two-way coupling of fluids to rigid and deformable solids and shells
We propose a novel solid/fluid coupling method that treats the coupled system in a fully implicit manner making it stable for arbitrary time steps, large density ratios, etc. In contrast to previous work in computer graphics, we derive our method using ...
Coupling water and smoke to thin deformable and rigid shells
SIGGRAPH '05: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 PapersWe present a novel method for solid/fluid coupling that can treat infinitesimally thin solids modeled by a lower dimensional triangulated surface. Since classical solid/fluid coupling algorithms rasterize the solid body onto the fluid grid, an entirely ...
A vortex particle method for smoke, water and explosions
SIGGRAPH '05: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 PapersVorticity confinement reintroduces the small scale detail lost when using efficient semi-Lagrangian schemes for simulating smoke and fire. However, it only amplifies the existing vorticity, and thus can be insufficient for highly turbulent effects such ...
Comments